<p>Lough Oughter  is a lake, or complex of lakes, in County Cavan covering approximately 8931 hectares. It is on the River Erne, and forms the southern part of the Lough Erne complex. The lakes are bounded roughly by Belturbet in the north; Cavan Town to the east; Crossdoney to the south and Killeshandra to the west.</p><br>
<p>Scientific evaluations consider the Lough Oughter area as a whole as the best inland example of a flooded drumlin landscape in Ireland and has many rich and varied biological communities. Nowhere else in the country does such an intimate mixture of land and water occur over a comparable area, and many of the species of wetland plants, some considered quite commonplace in Lough Oughter and its associated loughs, are infrequent elsewhere. The number of whooper swans which winter in the area represents about 3% of the total European population while the lake also houses the largest concentration of breeding Great Crested Grebes in the Republic, having become almost extinct in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Lough Oughter has long been classed locally as an angling lake and is grossly under valued for its qualities as a potential venue for wildlife eco-tourism and education, is now designated as a suitable wetland for inclusion in the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance. Cavan County Council have stated: "It is recognized nationally and internationally as being of significant values not only for the country, but for humanity as a whole". It should also be noted that the Lough Oughter complex along with Killykeen Forest Park are designated Natura 2000 habitats, Special Areas for Conservation (SAC) and Special Protection Areas (SPA) under EU legislation. Lough Oughter is part of the UNESCO Marble Arch Caves Global Geopark.</p><br>
<p>The main threats to the quality of the site, according to scientific sources, are water polluting such as run-off from fertiliser and slurry applications and sewage discharge which have raised the nutrient status of some lakes to hypertrophic. Increased afforestation has resulted in some loss of wetland habitat and also loss of some feeding ground for wintering birds such as Greenland White-fronted Geese.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation and eco-tourism</h2><br>
<p>With their natural beauty and bio-diversity the Lough Oughter complex of lakes and wetlands make an ideal location for sustainable Ecotourism. The income can be significant and support livelihoods, locally and nationally. Wetlands provide other services, too, such as water, food, water purification, erosion control, etc., for the benefit of tourists and tourist accommodation. The income generated by tourism for national and local economies in and around wetlands can be substantial: the Broads in the UK supports the equivalent of 3,000 full-time jobs.</p><br>
<p>Killykeen Forest Park combines under the semi-government and Swiss bank controlled Coillte as a commercial forestry site which has long been recognised for its interesting history and all seasons recreational qualities, located just five miles from Cavan town and saddles on either side of the Lough Oughter system. Popular with angling visitors and favoured for its walking trails through the leafy glades and along the lake shores. What might be achieved instead with a fully worked out eco-tourism management plan.</p><br>
<h2>Historic Settlement</h2><br>
<p>Lough Oughter is synonymous with the ancient monastic settlement on Trinity Island that once sustained a substantial resident native population around its shores back to the earliest times of settlement with several identified island, crannog locations and megalithic wedge tomb structures. With the arrival of the Anglo Normans, the impressive Clogh Oughter Castle was built. It stands on a tiny island in Lough Oughter since the thirteenth century. It is circular in construction, some 15.5 metres in outside diameter and around 18 metres high. The nearest shore is approximately 130 metres away, close to the narrowest part of the lough at Inishconnell Rinn Point. Clogh Oughter Castle has been at the centre of much of County Cavans turbulent History and was probably built originally to protect the clan OReilly chieftains from their warring neighbours. During the seventeenth century, the castle changed hands several times and was one of the last defended castles to hold out during the Confederate Wars. Before this, Clogh Oughter Castle was used as a prison. Notably, the Anglican Bishop of Kilmore, William Bedell was held hostage here, and rebel leader Owen Rua O&#39;Neil is reputed to have died here in 1649 and was secretly brought to Trinity Island for burial. The rebel army were finally defeated in 1653, after which the lofty walls of Clogh Oughter castle were breached by cannon shot and have remained unoccupied ever since, apart from nesting crows and water fowl.</p><br>
<p>During the late nineteenth century water levels on Lough Oughter were lowered to alleviate flooding of low lying farmland. However, plans are now afoot through Waterways Ireland to raise the levels again to facilitate tourism and allow pleasure boats to gain access into the lough from the River Erne right up to Killeshandra.</p><br>
<p>Xuelian Feng, Xuelian Peak or Snow Lotus Peak , is one of the major mountains of the Tian Shan mountain range. It lies in Xinjiang province, China, about 50 km east-northeast of Jengish Chokusu, the highest peak in the range. It is notable for its large, steep relief above the nearby valleys, and for its large topographic prominence. . The peak has two summits, with the main being the north summit at 6,627 m; the south summit has an elevation of 6,527 m.</p><br>
<p>The Tokai Section of the Japanese Alpine Club made four expeditions to Xuelian Feng, in 1986, 1988, 1989, and 1990, with the last being successful in ascending the main summit. (The 1989 expedition ascended the south summit and "Junction Peak", another subpeak to the south of the main summit, with elevation 6,450 m, and came close to but did not reach the main summit.) In 1990, the expedition was led by Kazuo Tukushima, and ascended from the Karakume Glacier. The route ascended the southeast ridge of Junction Peak, then traversed a long (2 km/1.2 mi) corniced snow and rock ridge to reach the main summit tower. Other difficulties involved in the 2,500 m route included technical rock and ice walls, and snow gullies up to 70 degrees in steepness.</p><br>
<p>The University Club is an eight-story building of the University of Pittsburgh designed by Henry Hornbostel and completed in 1923 that is a contributing property to the Schenley Farms National Historic District on the school&#39;s campus in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. It serves as a faculty club with publicly accessible dining, banquet, and conference facilities, while the upper four floors serve as housing for the families of out-of-town hospital patients.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was originally home to the "University Club," a private social club established in 1890. Initially located in downtown Pittsburgh, the club was chartered to bring together college graduates who enjoyed literature, art, and other culture. It later moved to Oakland to be closer to the city&#39;s college campuses, settling into the 1923 classical-style limestone building designed by architect Henry Hornbostel. An addition to the building was constructed in 1963. After the club ceased operations in November 2004, the University of Pittsburgh purchased the building for $3.1 million in 2005 for use as a faculty club, conference center, and banquet and event facility.</p><br>
<h2>Renovation</h2><br>
<p>Following acquisition of the University Club, the University of Pittsburgh conducted a $20.2 million renovation designed by Landmark Design Associates with Massaro Corporation serving as the general contractor. Floors 1-4 were to become a 4,000 ft&sup2; faculty club, 4,000 ft&sup2; fitness center, 18,000 ft&sup2; conference and banquet facility, 4,000 ft&sup2; kitchen facility, coffee shop, and 8,000 ft&sup2; of offices. The upper floors, five through eight, have 48 guest rooms that are rented to Family House, which helps families of hospital patients with housing. Renovation was completed and the club reopened on April 1, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Members-only faculty and staff club facilities include the College Lounge for bar and casual food and the University Club’s library and reading room, which are located on the first floor, as well as the Fraternity Grill for higher-end dining, located on the second floor. A professionally managed fitness center is located in the basement of the building and has separate areas for aerobics, strength and exercise equipment.</p><br>
<p>Publicly accessible facilities include a first-floor Brioche Dorée French Café, banquet facilities on the second floor suited for wedding receptions and other large gatherings, second- and third-floor small and large meeting or break-out rooms available to the University and outside communities, and a restored roof terrace that will host special events.</p><br>
<p>In addition, space was renovated to accommodate the Office of Research, previously located in Thackeray Hall, as well as flexible conference facilities to accommodate up to 300 people. The building will serve within the university&#39;s educational mission with the presence of Family House, which will provide learning and outreach opportunities for students and faculty in Pitt’s Schools of Medicine, Pharmacy, Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, and Social Work. Graduate students in health and physical activity will also be among the health coaches working in the fitness center.</p><br>
<h3>Family House</h3><br>
<p>Family House was first conceived in 1980 by the Womens Auxiliary of the American Cancer Society and the University Health Center of Pittsburgh (today known as the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center). Following its opening in 1983, it has provided a special "home away from home" for more than 100,000 patients and families who must travel to Pittsburgh for treatment of serious or life-threatening illnesses. The $4.5 million renovation of the upper four floors of the University Club for the Family House began in January 2008 and was designed by Designstream Architectural Studio, while Massaro Corporation acted as construction manager on the project. Ribbon cutting was held in late April, 2009 and guests began to be accommodated in mid-May. This is Family Houses fourth location and added 48 rooms that will accommodate 4,600 guests annually.</p><br>
<h2>Art</h2><br>
<p>More than three dozen works of art that are displayed throughout the building. Appraised at approximately $40,000, the collection includes oils, watercolors, acrylics, tapestries, etchings, prints, and photography. Approximately half the art, including tapestries and prints on canvas, was purchased by the university for specific locations in the building during the renovation. Other works are on loan from the University Art Gallery, or once hung in a previous, now defunct faculty club, called the Pitt Club, in the Gardner Steel Conference Center.</p><br>
<p>Ranging from mid-19th-century pieces to newly commissioned works, several of the artworks depict local scenes, including the Edgar Thomson Works by Ron Donoughe, hanging outside the library, Monongahela Incline by Tom Ruddy, hanging in the lower lobby, Early Morning Bear Run by Wang Yubao, in a vestibule near the Thackeray Street entrance, and in the club’s main vestibule, a pair of Louis Orr etchings of the Cathedral of Learning and Heinz Chapel, as well as a depiction of the early 20th-century "Acropolis" plan for the campus designed by Henry Hornbostel. The most visible piece is an acrylic painting of the University Club itself that hangs behind the reception desk; it is by Bedford, Pennsylvania artist Kevin Kutz, whose Cumberland Arches also hangs in the second floor ballroom. An untitled Virgil Cantini sculpture is in a third-floor lounge. Among the new works purchased for the club are reproductions of several plates from John James Audubon’s The Birds of America.</p><br>
<p>University Place Office Building was a 6-story building constructed in 1924 and had been a contributing property to the Schenley Farms National Historic District on the campus of the University of Pittsburgh in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. Once located at 121 University Place , the building was originally the Schenley Office Physicians Building designed by architect Edward B. Lee and associate architect J. B. Blair for the Physicians Land Company. Long housing offices of physicians associated with the university&#39;s medical school and medical center, the building was acquired by the University in June 1983 for $1.25 million and then housed a variety of University offices including the University Center for Social and Urban Research, until its demolition in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>University Center for Social and Urban Research</h2><br>
<p>In its final years of use by the university, the University Center for Social and Urban Research (UCSUR) was housed within the University Place Office Building. Established in 1972, the UCSUR serves as a resource for researchers and educators interested in basic and applied social and behavioral sciences and serves as a hub for interdisciplinary research and collaboration. Research of the UCSUR focuses on five principal areas including urban and regional analysis, survey research, qualitative data analysis, gerontology, and environmental decision support. The center also offers a graduate certificate in gerontology.</p><br>
<p>In early 2009 the center opened a multipurpose data center which is HIPAA and FISMA complaint. The UCSUR data center is monitored 24/7 by the UCSUR Information Technology department. The data center maintains a 99.3% up time as of the summer of 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Replacement with Nordenberg Hall</h2><br>
<p>University Office Place was demolished in August 2011, following the approval from the Pittsburgh Historic Review Commission, to make way for a new $59 million, 10-story, 559-bed university residence hall, named Nordenberg Hall that was designed by Mackey Mitchell Architects of St. Louis along with the Pittsburgh-based firm MacLachlan, Cornelius & Filoni Inc. Nordenberg Hall, which opened for the 2013 fall semester, occupies the former footprints of 121 University Place and its former adjacent parking lot at the corner of Fifth Avenue and University Place. Former University Office Place resident UCSUR was relocated to the Gold Building (3343 Forbes Ave). Nordenberg Hall includes ground floor retail space, a university pharmacy, and a second floor student wellness and counseling center. The residence hall also contains two sound-proof music practice rooms, and on the third floor, a fitness room and an outdoor rooftop terrace. The residence hall features 200 ft&sup2; double-occupancy rooms that are equipped with small refrigerators, microwave ovens, and flat-screen TVs. Communal social spaces, study lounges, and bathrooms were intentionally designed to encourage students to leave their rooms to interact with other students and gain a sense of connectedness. The residence hall was named in honor of Mark Nordenberg, the university&#39;s previous chancellor who retired in August, 2014.</p><br>
<h2>In literature</h2><br>
<p>University Place Office Building is the namesake and a location setting of a book published in 2007 by Louis Panesi entitled 121 University Place: A Fathers Abuse / A Doctors Love.</p><br>
<p>The Francis J. Woolley House is located in Oak Park, Illinois, United States, a Chicago suburb. The house was designed by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1893. The Queen Anne style home is reflective of Wrights early designs for lower-cost, more affordable housing. The Woolley House is similar to the trio of homes in Oak Park that are widely known as the "bootleg houses." The design is heavily influenced by Wrights first teacher, Joseph Silsbee, and the Arts and Crafts movement. The house is listed as a contributing property to a local and federal historic district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Francis J. Woolley House was named for the lawyer for whom architect Frank Lloyd Wright originally designed it, Francis J. Woolley.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The buildings design has been called a "Queen Anne splendor," a style represented by the Woolley Houses massive bay windows and projecting roof masses. The design of the house is reminiscent of Wrights first teacher Joseph Silsbee and typical of Wrights early, low-cost residential designs. On the home&#39;s southeast portion are its polygonal bay windows and due to a restoration the rough stone foundation walls are more enhanced than they once were. The original horizontal wooden clapboarding has been restored as well.</p><br>
<p>The house features an entry porch whose high-pitched hip roof echoes the main roof; its deep eaves repeats the pitch lines of the roof and gracefully frames the facade. In this early Wright work the influence of Silsbee and the Arts and Crafts movement are heavily embedded in the design, which reflects Wrights passion for designing affordable housing. The homes soft earthen tones help to enhance the "comfortable house" feel of the Woolley House.</p><br>
<p>Over the years the home has undergone several remodelings and renovations. Most significantly in 1995 when many of the mechanicals were upgraded. Unfortunately, many of the architectural moldings, doors and features were also removed. The current owners have brought back the exterior to its original condition. The interior is undergoing a complete restoration based on the original blueprints.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>This example of Frank Lloyd Wright&#39;s early work in Oak Park is considered a contributing property to the Frank Lloyd Wright-Prairie School of Architecture Historic District, a local and federal historic district. The federal historic district was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on December 4, 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Kenilworth Avenue Historic District is a historic district in the northwestern portion of Dayton, Ohio, United States. Composed largely of houses constructed after the Great Flood of 1913, the district features examples of several prominent architectural styles, and it has received both local and federal recognition.</p><br>
<p>Following the 1913 flood, many wealthy residents decided to flee the older parts of the city, located in the floodplain along the Great Miami River. The result was the development of Kenilworth Avenue, whose houses feature a range of design modes, including the Italianate, Tudor Revival, Colonial Revival, and Neoclassical styles. Also known as "Dayton View Heights" the Kenilworth Avenue development includes twenty separate buildings, located on both sides of the street from Redfern Avenue west to its end at Salem Avenue. Seventeen of these buildings qualified as contributing properties to the district, while three were considered non-contributing: the districts period of significance was held to have ended in 1949, and some of the buildings were constructed in the 1950s and 1960s. Among the oldest properties in the district is the house at the corner of Kenilworth and Salem, which was constructed in 1906. When the street was developed, many of the new residents desired to live in a park-like setting, and as a result, the streets well-preserved landscaping is itself a significant part of the historic district.</p><br>
<p>On March 1, 2006, Dayton City Commission modified the neighborhoods zoning classification by designating the area a local historic district, and it was subsequently added to the National Register of Historic Places five months later. Federal designation places no restrictions on the residents abilities to modify or destroy buildings in the district, but local designation means that local authorities must approve changes to the districts properties. When designated, Kenilworth Avenue was the citys twelfth official historic district, and its eighteenth National Register district. It is one of six northwest-side historic districts, along with Dayton View, Grafton-Rockwood, Squirrel-Forest, McPherson Town, and Steele&#39;s Hill-Grafton Hill.</p><br>
<p>Slick Rock Falls is a waterfall in Western North Carolina, located near Brevard.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Slick Rock Falls flows on Slick Rock Creek over an overhanging bluff. The falls occasionally dries to a near-trickle, depending on the available watershed.</p><br>
<h2>Natural history</h2><br>
<p>The falls is named for the slick rocks at the top and bottom of the falls. Before becoming a part of the Pisgah National Forest, a cattle trail crossed Slick Rock Creek near the top of the falls, and occasionally, a stray animal would be carried over the falls.</p><br>
<h2>Visiting the Falls</h2><br>
<p>The falls are open to the public and are accessible by traveling on USA Highway 276, approximately 5.2 miles north of the intersection of 276, USA Highway 64, and NC Highway 280 in Brevard, North Carolina. Turn left onto Forest Road 475 and go 1.5 miles, and turn right onto Forest Road 475B. Go north 1.1 miles. You will come to a sharp left-hand curve with a small pullout on the outside of the curve. Park here and follow the trail for 55 yards, taking the right fork to the base of the falls in approximately 45 yards.</p><br>
<h2>Nearby Falls</h2><br>
<p>Approximately.5 miles (.9 km) north of Slick Rock Falls on Forest Road 475B is Rockhouse Creek Falls. It is almost impossible to view the falls anytime other than winter, due to a thick forest of rhododendron, mountain laurel, and dog hobble. There is no trail of any kind to the falls, and exploring this area is extremely hazardous.</p><br>
<p>Rockhouse Creek Falls</p><br>
<p>Looking Glass Falls</p><br>
<p>Moore Cove Falls</p><br>
<p>Sliding Rock</p><br>
<p>Cedar Rock Falls</p><br>
<p>Cove Creek Falls</p><br>
<p>Daniel Ridge Falls</p><br>
<p>Twin Falls</p><br>
<p>Log Hollow Falls</p><br>
<p>Falls on Log Hollow Branch</p><br>
<p>Key Falls</p><br>
<p>College Hill is a neighborhood in the west central section of the United States city of Greensboro, North Carolina. College Hill was Greensboro’s first neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Boundaries</h3><br>
<p>The College Hill neighborhood is bounded:</p><br>
<p>on the north by West Market Street</p><br>
<p>on the west by McIver and Tate streets</p><br>
<p>on the south by the Southern Railway tracks, and</p><br>
<p>on the east by Freeman Mill Road, Spring Street, West McGee Street and Greensboro College.</p><br>
<p>The College Hill Historic District is a smaller area within in the neighborhood. The National Register of Historic Places district has slightly different boundaries. As a result, two of the neighborhoods most historic structures, Wafco Mill and the Greensboro College administration building, are within the citys historic district but outside the National Register District. Both are listed on the Historic Register separately.</p><br>
<h3>ZIP code</h3><br>
<p>The 27403 ZIP code includes College Hill and other neighborhoods, including Glenwood, Lindley Park and Sunset Hills.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This broad hilltop just west of downtown Greensboro was settled in the 1840s and 50s by individuals associated with nearby Greensboro College. Their strong Methodist affiliation earned the hill its nineteenth century nickname “Piety Hill,” and several commodious homes from the period remain including the Bumpass-Troy House (now Troy-Bumpas) and Boxwood.</p><br>
<p>The hill and its convenient location proved a popular choice for Greensboro Victorian era middle class who wished to escape the hustle and bustle of the growing village. Renamed “College Hill” after the establishment of the University of North Carolina at Greensboro in 1891, a number of elaborate Queen Anne-style houses were built along Walker Avenue, Mendenhall Street, and Morehead Avenue in the 1890s. The Orlo Epps House (private) of 1890 was designed by Orlo Epps, architect of UNCG’s Julius I. Foust Hall, with elaborate details such as turned porch posts, shingle siding and colorful paint scheme.</p><br>
<p>Development was not limited to residences. Greensboro’s oldest fire house stands at 547 South Mendenhall Street. The two-story brick building served as the West End Hose Company from 1897 to 1919, when it was replaced with a new building one block north at 442 South Mendenhall. Both buildings have been adaptively reused, the first as a general store, the second as a private residence. The Wafco Mill complex began as a grist mill in 1893, with subsequent additions through 1912. The complex was restored in 1983 as condominiums.</p><br>
<p>Two small commercial areas are located in College Hill. The intersection of Tate Street and Walker Avenue features numerous restaurants, two coffee houses, and stores that cater to the nearby university. The intersection of Mendenhall and Spring Garden streets has a smaller collection of stores that serve the student population. The students and growing nearby campuses that give the neighborhood its energy also create special problems. Parking has been an issue in the narrow streets for decades, and student housing sometimes challenges city health codes.</p><br>
<h2>Parks and public spaces</h2><br>
<p>(on UNCG campus)</p><br>
<p>Springdale Park</p><br>
<h2>Notable architects and builders</h2><br>
<p>Harry Barton</p><br>
<p>Orlo Epps</p><br>
<p>Frank A. Weston</p><br>
<h2>College Hill Neighborhood Association</h2><br>
<p>The College Hill Residents Association was incorporated as a 501(c)3 non-profit corporation in July 1978. In December that year, the name was changed to the.</p><br>
<p>Membership is open to all neighborhood residents and to all property owners.</p><br>
<h2>Other notable civic institutions</h2><br>
<p>Greensboro College</p><br>
<p>The University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG)</p><br>
<h2>On the National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>The College Hill Historic District encompasses 320 contributing buildings and 1 contributing site in a predominantly residential section of Greensboro. The houses were largely built between the 1890s and 1930s and include notable examples of Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman-style architecture. The earliest house, the Walker-Scarborough House, was built about 1845, and is</p><br>
<p>thought to have been built by Gov. John Motley Morehead for his daughter, Letitia upon her marriage to Stephen Walker. Located in the district is the separately listed Bumpas-Troy House (1847). Other notable buildings are the Orlo Epps House, Ward-Foust House, Ward-Gaston House, Robert P. Gorrell House, Robert C. Strudwick House (1912), Winburn Court Apartments (1929), West End Hose Company Firehouse, former Spring Garden Street (now College Place) Methodist Church, and Presbyterian Church of the Covenant (1919, 1937).</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Germany Valley is a scenic upland valley high in the Allegheny Mountains of eastern West Virginia originally settled by German  farmers in the mid-18th Century. It is today a part of the Spruce Knob-Seneca Rocks National Recreation Area of the Monongahela National Forest, although much ownership of the Valley remains in private hands.</p><br>
<p>The Valley is noted for its extensive karst and cave development, with dozens of caves and cave systems having been formally documented and mapped. The area was made a National Natural Landmark, the Germany Valley Karst Area, in 1973 by the National Park Service. The NPS cited it as "one of the largest cove or intermountain karst areas in the country, unique because all the ground water recharge and solution activities are linked with precipitation within the cove."</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Germany Valley is situated in the upper reaches of the North Fork South Branch Potomac River in northeastern Pendleton County, West Virginia. The Valley floor is at an elevation of approximately 2100 feet (640 m) with the surrounding mountaintops about 500 to 1200 feet (150–370 meters) higher. The Valley is about 10 mi long and 2.5 mi wide with a general northeast to southwest orientation. The Valley is defined on the east by North Fork Mountain and on the west by the River Knobs.</p><br>
<p>Motorized traffic may gain access to the valley from the west by either Riverton Gap (via the town of Riverton) or Hinkle Gap, through which Root Run and Mill Creek, respectively, drain it. The southernmost Valley is also slightly entered, via Judy Gap, where a popular overlook is located along USA Route 33 just west of Franklin, West Virginia. Seneca Rocks rise near the northern end of the Valley.</p><br>
<p>Many of the named features in or near the Valley reflect old family names of the original settlers: Judy Gap, Bennett Gap, Teter Gap, and Harper Gap; also Bland Hills, Dolly Ridge, Harman Knob, Harper Knob, Mallow Knob, and Ketterman Knob.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>18th Century</h3><br>
<p>Germany Valley is named for the German families that were its earliest settlers. The first to arrive was the Hinkle (originally Henckel) family, which migrated from North Carolina in 1761. John Justus Hinkle, Sr (1705/6 - 1778) and his wife Maria Magdelena Eschman (1710–1798), with their twelve children and their own families, came for the inexpensive farm land and relative freedom from Indian attacks. They were also attracted by the fertile limestone soils and gently rolling bottomland. They were soon joined by the Teters and by Pennsylvania Dutch families, some having migrated southwest following the ridges and through the "Valley of Virginia" from Pennsylvania&#39;s Lebanon and Lancaster counties. A few German families also moved west from Spotsylvania County, Virginia. These settlers brought the familiar custom of placing hex signs on their barns (perhaps the only section of West Virginia where these signs were once found.)</p><br>
<p>Indians were by no means absent from the region, however, as the famous Seneca Trail (or Great Indian Warpath) passed near the Valley and the nearby British positions at Fort Seybert and Fort Upper Tract had been destroyed (1758) in Indian uprisings led by Killbuck, a Delaware chieftain. Four years later, a stockade (Hinkle&#39;s Fort) was built by the men of the Hinkle family to protect these border settlements from additional Indian raids. At the time of the Revolution, the fort became headquarters and training ground for the North Fork Military Company which was organized by the sons and sons-in-law of John Justus Hinkle, Sr. The fort is long since gone, but a large arrowhead-shaped stone monument enclosed by an iron fence marks its former site. (This is along the valley road leading east from Riverton).</p><br>
<p>These traditional farming families long retained their language and "old country" customs and so the Valley became known as "German Settlement" or "Germany Valley". At about the same time, many Scotch-Irish families also migrated from the north and bought land in Pendleton County, including Germany Valley. Although the community prospered, it long remained isolated and its agricultural economy continued to be based predominantly on forage crops, cattle, horses, milk cows, and sheep. The farms remained largely self-sufficient because the poor roads and absence of turnpikes made it difficult to reach larger markets in adjacent areas.</p><br>
<p>In June 1781, after a difficult passage over North Fork Mountain, the Valley was evangelized by Bishop Francis Asbury. Asbury was one of the two original Methodist missionaries in the United States. In his Journal Asbury records preaching to about ninety "Dutch folk" who, in his words, "appeared to feel the word". The Bishop records a June 21 visit to what for over 150 years was known as "Asbury Cave" — now Stratosphere Balloon Cave. He also describes the large spring (Judy Spring) found in the Valley.</p><br>
<h3>19th Century</h3><br>
<p>At the time of the American Civil War, the communities of the upper North Fork, including Germany Valley, and Franklin, were strongly Confederate in their sympathies, although nearby Seneca Rocks and the lower South Branch Valley were generally northern in persuasion. Pendleton County was a border area like many unprotected by either Federal troops or the Confederates. Such divided counties, then the rule in central West Virginia, were torn by internal strife and uncertainty and border county "wars" among various partisan groups were continuous. County governments often ceased to operate altogether. Many of the Valley&#39;s men joined local partisan units such as the Pendleton Scouts, Pendleton Rifles, and Dixie Boys and fought for the Confederacy. In northern Pendleton County, the Swamp Dragons, or "Swamps", were equally strong defenders of the Union. Clashes between these units were frequent and bitter, with members of the same families often contending against one another. Raids by Union army units and Union partisans such as the Swamps occurred several times in the Valley during the war years.</p><br>
<p>Originally, the coves and moist slopes of the Valley were covered with fine timber stands, notably including black walnut. Much of the virgin forest was cut to supply local needs, and often good, commercial-grade logs were simply burned in land-clearing operations. Later, in the 19th Century, professional lumbermen became interested and the remaining forests were harvested, sawn, and taken by horse and wagon to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad at Keyser, some 30 mi away. In the northwestern part of the county, much of the timber was hauled by logging railroad to the Parsons Pulp and Lumber Company mill at Horton in Randolph County. Due to the prevailing isolation and poor transportation system, large saw mills were not found in the area during the last part of the 19th Century. Small sash and circular saw mills, however, were present.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Germany Valley is characterized by Ordovician limestones at the culmination of the Wills Mountain anticline. The Valley is formed within the eastern and western limbs of this eroded anticline (fold), which are represented by North Fork Mountain and the River Knobs, respectively. Both North Fork Mountain and the River Knobs are classed as homoclinal ridges and Germany Valley itself as a homoclinal valley.</p><br>
<h3>Cave and karst features</h3><br>
<p>Germany Valley is famously underlain by New Market limestone bedrock, a pale grey limestone of the St. Paul Group of Ordovician limestone which, where exposed at the surface, has a tendency to erode with deep vertical fissures. Cave development is in places spectacular often producing large passages and capacious rooms. The numerous sink holes, sinking streams, surface stone, and irregular ridges apparent throughout the Valley have made it a frequently visited and celebrated venue for the caving community.</p><br>
<p>New Market limestone is rich in calcium carbonate, but also has significant amounts of potassium and phosphorus which, along with its low silicon content, makes it very popular with quarrymen. These ingredients make the resulting lime commercially valuable for fertilizing farm pasture land and lawns and for steel and coal production. In the Valley, the limestone attracted the Greer Limestone Plant, a part of Greer Industries, Inc., which has done a thriving business since 19??, although not without controversy with regard to its environmental impact (see below).</p><br>
<h3>Notable caves</h3><br>
<p>Seneca Caverns is a commercial cave discovered in Germany Valley by settler Laven Teter in about 1780, although allegedly the Seneca Indians had utilized the cave before that. It has been commercialized since 1928 and electrified since 1930. Visitors are led along a 0.75 mile (1.2 kilometer) prepared trail and descend as deep as 165 ft below the surface, while the numerous named speleothems (‘Mirror Lake", "Niagara Falls Frozen Over", "Fairyland", "The Capitol Dome" etc.) are highlighted.</p><br>
<p>Stratosphere Balloon Cave, about 200 yd south of Seneca Caverns, is named for a large ribbon flowstone, 18 feet (5.5 m) in diameter and reaching 25 feet (7.6 m) to the ceiling, resembling a high-altitude balloon. Stratosphere was open to the public as a commercial cave in the 1930s, but closed in 1939. It was reopened in 2006 and currently charges a fee and requires a guide, as the cave has never been electrified.</p><br>
<p>Hellhole, along with nearby Schoolhouse Cave, is historically significant to the caving community associated with the National Speleological Society dating back to its creation (1940s). With over 28 mi of passage, Hellhole is the 11th longest cave in the US and site of an important bat hibernaculum (home to 45% of the world&#39;s population of Virginia big-eared bats). It is the most extensive of several mapped caves in the area, and the deepest cave in the valley (158 m).</p><br>
<p>Schoolhouse Cave contained saltpeter works supporting nearby Hinkles Fort late in the French and Indian War (1754–63) and thus may be the second oldest saltpeter mine in the state. During the Civil War it was mined in support of Union, but not Confederate, forces (which may be unique in the state). Like nearby Hellhole, early NSS expeditions to Schoolhouse were very important to the pioneering cavers of the 1930s and ‘40s. It has been called a "vertical cavers paradise".</p><br>
<p>Memorial Day Cave was discovered by cavers at the southern end of the Valley in 1999 and was first entered in 2001. The following year cavers found a 125-foot (38 m) drop into "Columbia Canyon", which proved to be a mile long. The cave is now known to be over 14 miles (22.5 kilometers) long and 430 feet (131 m) deep.</p><br>
<p>Judy Spring, a trout stream as well as cave enterable by SCUBA divers</p><br>
<p>Shoveleater Cave has over 4 miles of mapped passage.</p><br>
<p>Harman Pit</p><br>
<p>Apex Cave</p><br>
<p>Ruddle Cave</p><br>
<p>Harper&#39;s Pit</p><br>
<p>Convention 2000 Cave</p><br>
<h2>Greer Limestone/Hellhole bat controversy</h2><br>
<p>From the 1940s, when exploration of Hellhole began, to the 1980s, cavers had mapped approximately 8.5 mi of passage in the popular Hellhole system. The cave is developed in New Market Limestone, the same rock unit that is mined in the nearby open pit quarry.</p><br>
<p>The entrance to Hellhole is owned by a private landowner who has never wished to sell the land around it. The quarry, immediately to the west of the cave entrance, is operated by Greer Limestone Company (owned by West Virginia businessman and politician John Raese). Greer leased the entrance to Hellhole from the landowner in 1986, and as the leasee, soon began to deny most access to the cave. Greer did allow the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources (WV DNR) to conduct bi-annual trips into the cave for the purpose of counting the populations of endangered bat species. In the 1990s, at urging of the WV DNR, Greer also began to allow limited exploration and mapping of the cave (one or two trips per year).</p><br>
<p>In 1995 an extension to the cave ("Krause Hall") was discovered in the extreme northwest portion of the cave. In 1996 one of the deepest sections of the cave was explored at over 400 ft below the entrance elevation. In 1997, a break-through discovery off this area extended the known extent of Hellhole well to the south of its originally known range. This showed that the historically known portions of Hellhole were a mere side passage to a much larger cave system.</p><br>
<p>By this time the USA Fish and Wildlife Service had recognized Hellhole as a critical habitat for two species of endangered (and federally protected) bat, the Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) and the Virginia big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus). It was known that about 45% of the world&#39;s estimated 20,000 remaining Virginia big-eared bats hibernate in Hellhole. Greer had responded by establishing a no-work buffer zone of 250 ft and a no-blast buffer zone of 500 ft from the nearest known passage in Hellhole. That word "known" proved to be the bone of contention.</p><br>
<p>The reason Hellhole is such an important cave for these bats is its unusually low ambient air temperature. Most caves in West Virginia average around 57 &deg;F. Hellhole averages around 47 degrees. This cold temperature is critical for these species survival. The cave remains cool because it functions as a natural cold air trap. Located in the middle of an enclosed valley, and having only one entrance, all cold air flowing off North Fork Mountain in winter collects in the cave. Cold air goes down, and having no place to escape, stays down, filling the cave&#39;s massive passages. This cold air collecting phenomenon is what makes the cave so vulnerable to accidental damage from quarrying activities. If this natural cold air trap were to be breached at an elevation lower than the entrance, the cold air would quickly flow out, and the cave would likely no longer function as a bat hibernaculum, at least for these particular species.</p><br>
<p>With the advent of the 1997 discoveries, Greer was threatened with the potential loss of a valuable section of limestone to the endangered species habitat. From that point forward Greer permitted no further exploration of Hellhole. Cavers perceived that because the quarry did not wish to lose any further areas of limestone to bat habitat, it effectively began to impede further exploration and, therefore, "knowledge" of the cave&#39;s extent.</p><br>
<p>In 2000, Greer announced its intention to seek a renewal permit to continue its quarrying operations in Germany Valley and to extend them to the north and south of the existing open pit. This request was filed publicly, as required by the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection (WV DEP) requirements, and it ignited a furor among Virginia and West Virginia cavers who began petitioning officials and started a letter campaign. In their view, it was highly likely that quarry operations, conducted with a lack of knowledge regarding the cave&#39;s complete extent, would in time penetrate some portion of the cave. Such an event, it was argued, would have disastrous effects upon the suitability of the cave as an endangered bat species hibernaculum. In 2002—after prolonged negotiations with Greer—the USFWS, West Virginia Department of Natural Resources (WV DNR), WV DEP, caving organizations and local landowners, the Germany Valley Karst Survey (GVKS) was formally contracted to survey the extent of the Hellhole cave system. In accordance with USFWS requirements regarding endangered bats, all annual survey activities must be completed within a 16-week window during the summer months. Since that time, the known extent of the cave has expanded to 24.9 mapped miles (40.1 kilometers) and 519 feet (158.2 m) of depth. The GVKS-Greer contract ended in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Argonaut Building, renamed in 2009 the A. Alfred Taubman Center for Design Education , is a large office building located at 485 West Milwaukee Avenue in the New Center area of Detroit, Michigan, across the street from Cadillac Place. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed in two phases between 1928 and 1936, with the finished structure forming an L shape. The high-rise is eleven floors tall, with an additional basement level. The height to the main roof is 42.7 meters (140 feet), and 56.3 metres (180 feet) to the top of the elevator tower. The 275-unit structure is an Art Deco building, and uses primarily red-brown brick and limestone in its materials.</p><br>
<p>The building is fifteen bay wide along Milwaukee, and eight bays wide along Second. Building corners have wide brick piers, with narrower windows separating the bays along the facade. The windows in each bay are slightly recessed, containing double-hung windows, with ornamental cast iron spandrel panels on the top two floors. Window on the eleventh and ninth floors have rounded tops. Two entry doors are placed along the main (Milwaukee) facade, one in each of the building phases.</p><br>
<h2>History and renovations</h2><br>
<p>In 1927, General Motors real estate division, Argonaut Realty Corporation, commissioned Albert Kahn to design a research laboratory for the company. The building was constructed across Milwaukee from the General Motors Headquarters (now Cadillac Place), and intended for use by General Motors internal research staff. In 1936, an addition was constructed, providing an entrance on Milwaukee. Significant developments undertaken in the building include the design of the Hydramatic transmission and Harley Earl&#39;s vehicle designs.</p><br>
<p>The building was used for GM&#39;s research staff until the General Motors Technical Center was constructed in 1956. At that time, Argonaut Realty moved into the building. When GM moved its headquarters to the Renaissance Center in the early 2000s, Argonaut moved out of the building, and it stood vacant for a few years.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, General Motors donated it to the College for Creative Studies. It is in use as both a charter high school for art-centric children, as well as CCS&#39;s planned graduate program. On top of these uses, CCS moved all of their Design based Undergraduate programs to this location, providing the space for a larger student body, and subsequently larger program. In addition, the building houses approximately 300 in student housing. It is also a school; Henry Ford Academy: School for Creative Studies, having the sixth through twelfth grade. The $145 million renovation was completed in fall 2009. In 2012, Shinola renovated the fifth floor and turned it into their corporate office as well as a watch factory and bicycle workshop.</p><br>
<p>Paradise Cave  is a horizontal karstic limestone cave located inside the Malik hill, to the south of Kielce, Świętokrzyskie Voivodship, Poland.</p><br>
<p>It is part of the "Red tourist trail Chęciny - Kielce" in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains (Holy Cross Mountains).</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The cave has a length of 240 m and vertical range of 9.5 m however, only a section of 180 m length and two entrances are open to visitors. Despite its small size it is regarded as one of Polands most beautiful caves and attracts numerous visitors. Its corridors lead through five chambers and caverns, that are ornamented with speleothems, such as stalactites, stalagmites and columns of calcified rock deposited over tens of thousands of years. In order to maintain an internal temperature of 8 to 10 C and 95 percent humidity required to preserve the caves historical value and ecological integrity a maximum of fifteen people accompanied by a guide are admitted to enter the cave every fifteen minutes. In front of the entrance is an info center illuminated by optical fiber, that exhibits the cave&#39;s archeological and paleontological discoveries that include a replica of a Neanderthal camp, Mousterian assemblages and fossilized bones of contemporary Paleolithic fauna.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>The cave was discovered in 1963 by Józef Kopeć and Feliks Wawrzeńczak, students of a local technical school. After extensive research and documentation by Tymoteusz Wróblewski and Zbigniew Rubinowski, geologists at the Świętokrzyskie branch of the Polish Geological Institute it was opened to the public in 1972.</p><br>
<h3>Discoveries</h3><br>
<p>The five chambers of the cave were formed during the middle Devonian era, approximately 350 million years ago. Inside, there are traces of occupancy by Neanderthal dating back 50 to 60 thousand years. Remains and fossils of Cave hyena and cave bear, that inhabited the cave and countless bones of mammalian species, such as Woolly rhinoceros and mammoths were unearthed at the site.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul’s historic Landmark Center, completed in 1902, originally served as the United States Post Office, Courthouse, and Custom House for the state of Minnesota. It was designed by Willoughby J. Edbrooke, who served as Supervising Architect of the USA Treasury Department in 1891&ndash;92. Edbrooke designed a body of public architecture, much of which, like this structure, was completed after his 1896 death. Landmark Center stands at 75 West Fifth Street in Rice Park and is now an arts and culture center.</p><br>
<p>The exterior is pink granite ashlar with a hipped red tile roof, steeply pitched to shed snow and adorned by numerous turrets, gables and dormers with steeply peaked roofs; cylindrical corner towers with conical turrets occupy almost every change of projection. There are two massive towers, one of which houses a clock. The exterior is almost devoid of carved detail. The interior features a five-story courtyard with skylight and rooms with 20-foot ceilings, appointed with marble and carved mahogany and oak finishes. Its Romanesque Revival architecture is similar to Edbrooke&#39;s Old Post Office Building in Washington D.C.</p><br>
<p>John Dillinger&#39;s girlfriend Evelyn Frechette, Alvin "Creepy" Karpis, "Doc" Barker and other members of the Barker-Karpis gang were tried in the building when it served as a federal courthouse.</p><br>
<p>Judges Walter Henry Sanborn and John B. Sanborn, Jr. kept their chambers here while serving on the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals. USA Supreme Court Justice Harry Blackmun worked in the building as a law clerk to the younger Sanborn in 1932&ndash;33.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s, a citizens&#39; group saved the building from demolition and restored it to its previous grandeur. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places and reopened to the public as Landmark Center in 1978.</p><br>
<p>After its comprehensive 1972&ndash;78 renovation, the center became home to many prominent Twin Cities arts organizations, now including:</p><br>
<p>American Association of Woodturners and the AAW Gallery of Wood Art</p><br>
<p>Ramsey County Historical Society Gallery and Research Center &ndash; changing exhibits and research area for local history topics</p><br>
<p>The Schubert Club Museum of musical instruments</p><br>
<p>Landmark Gallery &ndash; permanent and temporary exhibits from its local history collection</p><br>
<p>"Uncle Sam Worked Here" &ndash; a permanent interactive exhibit opened in 2007 about activities in Landmark Center over its history</p><br>
<p>Exhibition space for music, dance, theater, and public forums.</p><br>
<p>For a time the high school also held classes on the fifth floor. It has since moved to 16 West 5th Street. The fifth floor now houses the offices of the.</p><br>
<p>Owned by Ramsey County, Landmark Center is managed by Minnesota Landmarks, a not-for-profit organization. Landmark Center also houses Anita&#39;s Cafe, Landmarket Gift Shop, and five galleries.</p><br>
<p>Lago di Luzzone is a reservoir in Ticino, Switzerland. The reservoir has a volume of 108 million m³ and a surface area of 1.27 km&sup2;. It is located in the upper Blenio valley, on the territory of the municipalities of Ghirone and Aquila.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir lies at a height of 1,606 metres above sea level and is surrounded by peaks over 3,000 metres. The highest is Piz Terri (3,149 m), on the north-east side of the lake, seconded by the Plattenberg (3,041 m), on the east side. The Torrone di Nav (2,832 m) overlooks the lake from the south side while Pizzo Pianca (2,377 m) overlooks the lake from the north side.</p><br>
<p>The arch dam Luzzone was completed in 1963. In the years 1997–1998, its height was increased by 17 m.</p><br>
<p>One wall of the dam currently features the world&#39;s highest artificial climbing wall. A German manufacturer of climbing holds installed a line of over 650 artificial holds and bolts. The course covers a vertical distance of 165 meters, going from the base of the dam to the top. The climb must be done as a sport climb, in multiple pitches. Furthermore, the lowest holds were placed several meters above the ground to deter casual visitors from climbing on them.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Zion African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, also known as the Mount Zion AME Zion Church Memorial Annex, is a historic church in Montgomery, Alabama, United States. Located on 467 Holt Street, it was built in 1899 and extensively remodeled in 1921.</p><br>
<p>In 1955 the Montgomery Improvement Association, who organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott, was formed in the building. During the Selma to Montgomery marches in 1965, marchers rested at the church on their way to the Capitol. It is included on the Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail. The congregation moved to a new location in 1990, and on November 4, 2002, the building was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The sides of the building are decorated with murals depicting Martin Luther King, Rosa Parks, and the Selma to Montgomery marches.</p><br>
<p>The Tellico Blockhouse was an early American outpost located along the Little Tennessee River in Vonore, Monroe County, Tennessee. Completed in 1794, the blockhouse operated until 1807 with the purpose of keeping the peace between nearby Overhill Cherokee towns and early Euro-American settlers in the area in the wake of the Cherokee–American wars. The Tellico Blockhouse was the site where several treaties were negotiated in which the Cherokee were induced to cede large portions of land in Tennessee and Georgia. During this period, the blockhouse was the site of official liaisons between the United States government and the Cherokee.</p><br>
<h2>Geographic setting</h2><br>
<p>The Tellico Blockhouse site is located at the junction of Nine Mile Creek and the Little Tennessee River (now Tellico Lake), just off USA Route 411 between Maryville and Vonore. Fort Loudoun was located just across the river to the west, but was in ruins by the time the blockhouse was built.</p><br>
<p>Although the Tellico Blockhouse originally stood on a high bluff overlooking the Little Tennessee valley, the impoundment of the river by Tellico Dam in 1979 pushed the rivers present shoreline to within a few meters of the blockhouse site. The Overhill towns of Chota and Great Tellico were within a days journey to the south. The river town of Morganton (then known as "Portville") was within walking distance, and Knoxville was just over thirty miles downstream to the north. As there were no bridges spanning the Little Tennessee until the late 19th century, blockhouse officials crossed at Niles Ferry, which was located at the modern US-411 bridge.</p><br>
<p>The Tellico Blockhouse was the starting point for the Old Federal Road, which connected Knoxville to Cherokee settlements in Georgia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The second half of the 18th century saw a rapid expansion of European settlers into East Tennessee. This invariably brought them into conflict with the Cherokee, who had lived and hunted in the land for centuries. Random murders and scalpings became commonplace, and the settlers formed independent militias to carry out reprisal attacks. This violence reached a climax in 1793, when the Cherokee attacked Henrys Station in Blount County, and the settlers responded by crossing Chilhowee Mountain and sacking the Cherokee village of Tallassee. Even as the Cherokee chief Hanging Maw was meeting with Governor William Blount to discuss bringing peace to the area, the chiefs delegation was attacked by a band of settlers, killing several Cherokee headmen.</p><br>
<p>With the violence spiraling out of control, Hanging Maw convinced Blount to construct a fort in the vicinity of the Overhill towns. The chief even donated the land. The agent would be the official liaison between the United States government and the Cherokee Nation.</p><br>
<p>The blockhouse itself was a crude fort that utilized earthworks and timber. Sawed planking was shipped upstream from Knoxville. Historian J. G. M. Ramsey gives the following description:</p><br>
<p>...a strong work, of considerable size, with a projection on each square, furnished with port-holes, and calculated to stand a siege by an enemy provided with small arms only.</p><br>
<p>The original blockhouse was approximately 120x100 feet, enclosed by a palisade approximately 16 feet high. The gate was on the north wall, with the captain&#39;s quarters and guardhouse just inside the gate. The original enclosure also contained two barracks, a well, and parade grounds. A watchtower stood at the northeast corner.</p><br>
<p>In 1795, Congress passed the Factory Act, which sought to improve relations with American Indians by setting up official trading posts and teaching the natives agricultural and mechanical techniques. To implement this, McKee&#39;s successor, Silas Dinsmoor, expanded the Tellico Blockhouse to nearly double its original size to incorporate a civilian half. This new section, separated by a wall from the military section, contained lodging areas for travelers and delegates and a two-story building known as the Tellico Factory. Along with a trading post where European-American tools and finished goods were traded for Native American furs and raw materials, the factory included a section where members of the new Cherokee Nation could learn mechanical arts and spinning and weaving cloth.</p><br>
<p>In April 1797, the exposure of the so-called "Blount Conspiracy"—in which Senator William Blount attempted to convince Britain to attack and capture the Spanish-controlled port of New Orleans—began at the Tellico Blockhouse. James Carey, a merchant Blount had attempted to recruit, gave a letter from Blount detailing the conspiracy to James Byers, a government trader at the Blockhouse. Byers turned the letter over to Colonel David Henley (a foe of Blount) in Knoxville, and Henley in turn delivered it to Secretary of State Timothy Pickering. Blount was eventually expelled from the Senate based in part on the contents of the letter.</p><br>
<p>In December 1797, one of the first recorded Christmas celebrations in Tennessee occurred at the Tellico Blockhouse when the Little Tennessee River froze over. On the night of December 25, Dinsmoor and the federal garrison held a dinner party on the ice, later documented by Ramsey:</p><br>
<p>On the 25th, a Christmas dinner was given upon the ice, by the Federal officers,</p><br>
<p>at Tellico Block-house, to a large company of gentlemen and ladies. "Contiguous to the place of entertainment, two quarters of a bear were barbecued, where the ice was found to be, in thickness, sufficient to bare fire enough to have roasted an ox, without being materially weakened by the heat."</p><br>
<p>The Tellico Blockhouse probably reached the height of its activity around 1799, due to its situation along the Old Federal Road. That same year, Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orleans and later king of France, paid a visit to the blockhouse. In 1800, several Cherokee leaders convened at the blockhouse to debate whether or not to allow missionaries into the Cherokee towns. The Cherokees hoped the missionaries would provide educational services to their children.</p><br>
<p>In the early 19th century, the encroachment of settlers slowly drove the Cherokee south to the Hiwassee River and on to Georgia. As the Overhill towns along the Little Tennessee River began to disperse, the Tellico Blockhouse&#39;s influence started to wane. In 1801, Colonel Return J. Meigs took over as Cherokee agent, an appointment which effectively moved the agency to Fort Southwest Point (modern Kingston, Tennessee), where Meigs was based. In 1805, the last Tellico treaty called for the removal of the blockhouse garrison south to the Hiwassee River area.</p><br>
<p>Archaeologists from the University of Tennessee conducted excavations at the Tellico Blockhouse site in the 1970s, and located the forts foundations and a number of artifacts. Due to a lack of records, officials were unable to attempt a reconstruction of the blockhouse, but managed to reinforce the foundations with authentic fill material so visitors to the site can see the forts layout. Short posts were erected to show the position of the blockhouse walls, and interpretive signs were placed at the site to explain the fort&#39;s brief history. The site is currently managed by the Fort Loudoun State Historic Area. Some of the artifacts recovered during the excavation are on display at the nearby Fort Loudoun museum and the Frank H. McClung Museum in Knoxville.</p><br>
<h2>Treaties</h2><br>
<p>Several treaties between the United States and the Cherokee Nation were negotiated at the Tellico Blockhouse:</p><br>
<p>A treaty signed on November 8, 1794 brought an end to the Cherokee–American wars. Cherokee chiefs Hanging Maw (representing the Upper Cherokee) and Colonel John Watt (representing the Lower Cherokee, or "Chickamauga") met with Governor William Blount to negotiate an end to the violence. All sides agreed to recognize boundaries set forth in previous treaties.</p><br>
<p>The First Treaty of Tellico, also known as the Treaty with the Cherokee, negotiated in 1797 and signed on October 2, 1798, aimed to resolve differences brought about by the attempts of the USA Congress to force illegal settlers ("squatters") from Cherokee lands. In exchange for ceding land to the settlers, the Cherokee received various financial incentives and a guarantee of the right of the Cherokee Nation to "exist forever." The USA negotiators, acting on instructions from Governor John Sevier, included James Robertson, Lachlan McIntosh, Thomas Butler, and James White.</p><br>
<p>The Second Treaty of Tellico, signed on October 24, 1804, brought the Wafford settlements in northern Georgia under USA dominion. The Cherokee received various financial incentives. Colonel Return J. Meigs negotiated the treaty for the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Third Treaty of Tellico, signed on October 25, 1805, and the Fourth Treaty of Tellico, signed two days later on October 27, brought the land between the Cumberland River and Duck River (i.e., most of the Cumberland Plateau) under USA dominion. The goal of the USA was to connect East Tennessee with Nashville. Both treaties were negotiated for the United States by Colonel Return J. Meigs. Two of the Cherokee negotiators, Doublehead and Tollunteeskee, were later criticized for including "secret articles" that allowed for personal incentives.</p><br>
<p>Tolmie Peak is a 5,920 ft peak in the Mount Rainier area of the Cascade Range, in the USA state of Washington. It is located 2 mi northwest of Mowich Lake, in the northwest part of Mount Rainier National Park.</p><br>
<p>Streams that drain the slopes of Tolmie Peak, including Tolmie Creek and Ranger Creek, join the Carbon River, which flows into the Puyallup River and Puget Sound. Just south of Tolmie Peak, in a basin carved by glaciers, lies Eunice Lake. To the northwest is Howard Peak.</p><br>
<p>Tolmie Peak is named for William Fraser Tolmie. In August 1833, employed by Hudson&#39;s Bay Company and stationed at the newly built Fort Nisqually, Tolmie made the first recorded exploration of the Mount Rainier area. Unable to summit Rainier itself, Tolmie and two Indian guides, Lachalet and Nuckalkat, summited one of the snowy peaks near the Mowich River headwaters. Although Tolmie Peak is named for this event, it is not known exactly which peak was climbed.</p><br>
<p>The Oscar Stanton De Priest House is a historic apartment building at 4536-4538 South Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Drive in Chicago, Illinois, USA. It was built in 1920, and one of its units was from 1929 to 1951 home to Oscar Stanton De Priest , the first African-American to be elected to the United States Congress from a northern state. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark on May 15, 1975. It is not open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Oscar Stanton De Priest House is located on Chicago&#39;s South Side community area of Grand Boulevard, on the west side of King Drive south of 45th Street. It is an architecturally unexceptional three-story masonry structure, built of brick with stone trim, with a full basement. It houses eight units, two to each floor including the basement. Its dominant features are projecting rectangular bays on either side of the recessed entry, with bracketed flower boxes on the second and third floors, and a bracketed cornice below the roof. Based on its styling, it was built about 1920.</p><br>
<p>Oscar Stanton De Priest lived in one of the second-floor units of this building from 1929 until his death in 1951. A native of Alabama, he migrated to Chicago in the late 19th century, where he gained employment as a building contractor. He became active in local politics, winning election as a Cook County commissioner in 1904. IN 1915 he was the first African-American to win a seat on Chicagos Board of Aldermen, representing the citys wealthy Second Ward. In 1928 De Priest was chosen as a late replacement on the Republican Party ticket in the election to Illinois&#39;s first Congressional district, replacing the incumbent Martin B. Madden, who died shortly after the primary. De Priest won, and was seated in Congress over the objections of Southern representatives. As the first post-Reconstruction African-American in that body, and the first from any northern state, De Priest became a prominent voice on matters of interest to African Americans, working in particular to secure equitable funding for the education of blacks. De Priest served three terms in Congress, before returning to city politics.</p><br>
<p>Twmbarlwm also known as Twm Barlwm, Twyn Barlwm, or locally known as "The twmp"  or the Pimple because of the mound that lies at its summit, is a hill situated 2 km to the northeast of Risca in South Wales. It is often mistakenly referred to as a mountain but is actually a hill due to being under 600m. It is 419 m high and is a well-known landmark throughout the region. It commands extensive views across what is now the M4 corridor, over Newport and Cwmbran and out over the Bristol Channel.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At the top of the hill, near its summit, are the remains of what is presumed to be an Iron Age hillfort, believed to have been built by the Silures, the Celtic tribe that inhabited the area before and during Roman times. These remains have led the local people of Risca and Cwmcarn to call it "The tump". There was also thereafter possibly a Roman signal point and a substantial Norman motte-and-bailey castle which is incorporated into the eastern end of the fort, probably of early Norman construction. The area is a scheduled monument.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The hill itself is a well-known local landmark visible on the skyline for many miles and is indeed seen as a symbol of Monmouthshire/Gwent. It is very popular for hillwalking and mountain biking and with tourists who visit Cwmcarn Forest Drive or walk the Gwent Ridgeway. It features heavily in local folk legends with tales of a giant buried here, and treasure, supposedly guarded by swarms of bees.</p><br>
<p>Local legend says that the druids regarded it as a sacred site and a place of judgement.</p><br>
<p>The hillfort is known to locals as the pimple or the nipple. An example of the use of the term pimple came during a boxing commentary on national radio by the BBCs Raymond Glendenning, who had grown up in Newport. As one of the boxers rose after being floored, Glendenning excitedly announced to the listeners that he has a lump on his head the size of the pimple on the top of Twm Barlwm!&#39;</p><br>
<p>In years gone by people from Risca, Cwmbran and Newport enjoyed a day out "up the Tump" on Good Friday - Sunday schools, chapels, youth clubs, families and even whole streets would organise to walk to the top of the Tump - some church groups would carry a cross to the top and sing a few hymns. This tradition probably goes back to medieval times when Twmbarlwm was on the route of the Cistercian pilgrimage trail from Llantarnam to Penrhys. The march with church banners was certainly continued into the 1970s and attempts have been made to revive the tradition as recently as 2012.</p><br>
<p>Youngsters from neighbouring areas and council estates such as that at Bettws often walk to the top of Twmbarlwm and back home on Good Friday, as a sort of tradition amongst friends and youngsters in the community.</p><br>
<p>The hill also is noted in the work of such local writers as W H Davies and Arthur Machen. Machen described it in his autobiography Far Off Things (1922): "As soon as I saw anything I saw Twym Barlwm, that mystic tumulus, the memorial of peoples that dwelt in that region before the Celts left the Land of Summer." This description was borrowed by Dylan Thomas for Llareggub Hill in his Under Milk Wood.</p><br>
<p>Dylan Thomas (1995), Under Milk Wood, The Definitive Edition, Dent, p 91. Local historian and folklorist Fred Hando tells of the "Mountain Organ" produced by the wind on the southern slopes of the hill, and of the nearby "Pool of Avarice" the site of a great house which was swallowed wholesale by a landslip after the mistress of the house had turned away a hungy beggar. The Cistercian Way (a waymarked, circular, long distance footpath developed in 1998)</p><br>
<p>passes through Llantarnam, Old Cwmbrân, Greenmeadow and Thornhill before reaching the ancient chapel of Llanderfel on Mynydd Maen, and then onwards to Twmbarlwm.</p><br>
<p>In the past 20 years extensive damage has occurred to both the tump and surrounding areas, caused primarily by illegal off-road motorcycles. Several attempts have been made by the local councils to limit this damage by fencing off large areas, but so far all have failed with the fences being destroyed within weeks of erection.</p><br>
<p>The Daniel Hale Williams House is the former home of Dr. Daniel Hale Williams , one of the first major African American surgeons. Located at 445 East 42nd Street in the Grand Boulevard community area of Chicago Illinois, the building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Daniel Hale Williams House stands on the south side of 42nd Street on Chicago&#39;s South Side, about 1/2 block east of Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard. It is a modest 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a roughly L-shaped plan covered by a gabled roof. The front facade has a single-story porch across it, sheltering the main entrance in the left bay, and a polygonal window bay in the right. In the gable above the bay there is a sash window topped by a gabled cornice. The house is not of particular architectural interest, and is estimated to have been built about 1905, when it was purchased by Daniel Hale Williams.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Williams is best known as the first American doctor to perform what would later be known as open heart surgery. In 1893, he operated on a man who had received a stab wound to the heart. At the time the prevailing practice for dealing with direct wounds to the heart was to let patient die since it was considered impossible to operate directly on the heart.</p><br>
<p>Williams was also influential in promoting the development of African-American medical practitioners. Since most white-controlled hospitals were reluctant to take on African-American interns, nurses, and other staff, Williams successfully established the Provident Hospital and Training School, the nation&#39;s first hospital and training school controlled by African-Americans. Under his leadership, it trained a generation of medical professionals to exacting standards, and is where he performed the above-described operation.</p><br>
<p>The Robert A. Millikan House is a historic house at 5605 South Woodlawn Avenue in Hyde Park community area of Chicago, Illinois, Built about 1907, it was from about 1908 until 1921 the home of American physicist Robert A. Millikan , the period in which he made his most significant Nobel Prize winning work. The three-story brick building earned National Historic Landmark status on May 11, 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Robert A. Millikan House stands in Chicago&#39;s South Side Hyde Park neighorhood, northeast of the University of Chicago campus at the southeast corner of South Woodlawn Avenue and East 56th Street. It is one of a sequence of three adjacent houses designed by the Chicago firm Tallmadge & Watson and built about 1907. It is three stories in height, with a mainly brick exterior. It has a broad profile in the Prairie style, with slightly projecting broad gabled sections near the ends, and a narrower off-center entrance projecting. The full third level, and the second level of the entrance section, are finished in Tudor-style half timbering. Window placement and size are somewhat irregular. The building interior is relatively plain.</p><br>
<p>Robert Millikan, an Illinois native who received the first Ph.D in physics from Columbia University, moved into this house about 1907. He was at the time serving as a professor and researcher in the University of Chicago physics department. It is there that he organized and performed his famous oil-drop experiment, which provided the most accurate measure of the time of the electrical charge of an electron. He also established experimental apparatus that was used to confirm the photoelectric effect postulated by Albert Einstein in 1905. For these works Millikan was awarded the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physics. Millikan was seen then as one of the leaders of growing American dominance in his field.</p><br>
<p>Millikan moved out of this house in 1921, when he took a position at what is now the California Institute of Technology. The house remains a private residence.</p><br>
<p>The Frank R. Lillie House is a historic house at 5801 South Kenwood Avenue, on the campus of the University of Chicago on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois. Built in 1904 to a design by Pond and Pond, it was home for many years to Frank R. Lillie , a pioneering embryologist and influential supporter of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. Designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976, it is now used by the university as office space.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Frank R. Lillie House stands in Chicago&#39;s Hyde Park neighborhood, on the east side of the University of Chicago campus at the southeast corner of South Kenwood Avenue and East 58th Street. It is an architecturally eclectic brick three story building, built in 1904 for Frank Lillie and his family to a design by Pond and Pond. It is characterized by flat surfaces with diamond-shaped brickwork, unusually shaped brick corner quoining, and a variety of roof treatments. The interior has retained many of its original finishes despite conversion of the space to academic functions by the university.</p><br>
<p>Frank Lillie was a native of Toronto who was educated at the University of Toronto and the University of Chicago, receiving a Ph.D summa cum laude from the latter in 1894. From an early date he cultivated an interest in embryology, a field then in its infancy. He made several groundbreaking discoveries, notably determining that the sex of embryos was determined by particular hormones in their blood supply. This contributed to the establishment of endocrinology as a major area of study. Lillie was also an important figure in the science organizations, garnering siginificant financial support for the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (where he had spent a summer as a student), and helping it become a major scientific research institute.</p><br>
<p>Lillie bequeathed his house to the University of Chicago, reserving a life interest for his wife. The university took over the building in 1957, and has used it for a variety of purposes. It presently houses the offices of the Chicago Review.</p><br>
<p>The Robert S. Abbott House is a historic house at 4742 South Martin Luther King Jr. Drive in the Grand Boulevard community area of Chicago, Illinois. Built about 1900, it was home from 1926 until his death of Robert S. Abbott , founder and publisher of the Chicago Defender, the largest-circulation African-American newspaper in the nation. Abbott became one of the few self-made black millionaires in the early 20th century. His home was designated a National Historic Landmark status in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Robert S. Abbott House stands on Chicagos South Side, north of Washington Park on the west side of Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, on the same block that features the Harold Washington Cultural Center on the east side. It stands at the southern end of a group of row houses, and is the left side of an asymmetrical duplex. Its construction date is not known, but is estimated to be about 1900 based on its architectural style, which is a combination of Late Victorian and neo-Classical elements. The combined units share a hip roof, with that on the left featuring a large projecting gabled section two bays in width. To its right is a single bay, set next to the entrance to the adjacent unit, while the left units entrance is sheltered under a separate side porch on the left side. The porch has a limestone balustrade, with piers rising to Ionic columns supporting its roof. The interior, which has been further broken up into separate living units, retains some of its original grandeur.</p><br>
<p>Robert Abbott, an African-American native of Georgia, was trained as a printer at the Hampton Institute, and migrated to Chicago, where he received a law degree at Kent College of Law. Unable to get work as a lawyer, he took a job in the citys printing department, where he conceived of the idea of printing and distributing handbill-sized newspapers to the citys African-American community. Founded in 1905, the Chicago Defender was an immediate success, and eventually grew to become the nation&#39;s largest circulation African-American newspaper. The newspaper, which circulated widely outside Chicago, has been described as a major influence in the Great Migration of African Americans out of the South, describing in a positive way conditions in the North, and unflinchingly describing lynchings and other acts of violence against African Americans in the South.</p><br>
<p>The Eagle Theatre in Gold Rush-era Sacramento was the first permanent theatre to be built in the state of California. Established in 1849 this relatively small structure was originally wood-framed and canvas-covered with a tin roof and a packed earth floor. The theatre was flooded on Jan 4, 1850.</p><br>
<p>Located at 925 Front Street, it was one of the earliest structures in the new city. It featured many different types of entertainment for a rough crowd of wild west pioneers and gold miners from the small but rapidly growing area. Tickets to the theater could be obtained at a nearby saloon, most likely the Round Tent Saloon then located just to the south of the theatre.</p><br>
<p>Today the theatre is owned by California Department of Parks and Recreation and is administered by the California State Railroad Museum as part of the Old Sacramento State Historic Park.</p><br>
<p>Bremer River is a river in Western Australia that rises near Jerramungup at the border of the Yilgarn plateau. The river flows in a generally south-easterly direction and the river valley becomes steadily deeper as the river approaches the coast where it has eroded the Pallinup siltstone deposits that deposited over the underlying granite.</p><br>
<p>The name Bremer River was first recorded in 1919 and is believed to come from the town of Bremer Bay that is located on the Wellstead estuary where the river flows into Bremer Bay.</p><br>
<p>The river has two minor tributaries: Devil Creek and Lizzie Creek.</p><br>
<p>About 80% of the catchment area has been cleared for agriculture, mostly for cropping and grazing.</p><br>
<p>The river is saline varying from 3-4‰ to 150‰ depending on the season.</p><br>
<p>Ulley Reservoir is a reservoir a few hundred yards to the west and downhill of the village of Ulley, 4 mi south of Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England. It is 2.5 mi away from junction 33 of the M1 motorway.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir was built in 1871 by damming the brooks of Ulley and Morthen, to provide the town of Rotherham with approximately 180 million gallons (820 million litres) of drinking water per year. There are two main ponds; the larger one is used for angling and dinghy sailing, and the smaller one is now a nature reserve.</p><br>
<p>The dam is an earth embankment made of a clay core and earth filled shoulders. In 1969 the dam wall was built up by 6.6 ft with plastic concrete and relevelled. The spillways and overflow are made of ashlar set on concrete. It is 41.3 ft in height with a slope of 12.7 degrees, with two lateral overflow stepped spillways. The reservoir covers an area of 35 acre and is about 46 ft deep.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s it was decided that it was no longer needed for water supplies and was sold to Rotherham council for £1. The council turned the venue into the centrepiece of Ulley Country Park, with the water hosting sailing and fishing.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir and the surrounding country park are a haven for a variety of wildlife. Over 150 species of flowering plants have been recorded in the park, creating an abundance of both insects and butterflies. The bird species include; mallard, tufted duck, little grebe, great crested grebe, coot, moorhen, dragonfly, kingfisher, grey heron, swallow, swift, house martin and kestrel.</p><br>
<h2>June 2007 cracks in the dam</h2><br>
<p>On 25 June 2007, cracks in the reservoir walls were found after heavy rains and flooding in the area, causing concerns that the reservoir might burst, prompting the evacuation of the three nearest villages Whiston, Treeton and Catcliffe. Several other areas as far away as Canklow were put on emergency flood alert. The M1 motorway was also closed between junctions 32 and 36 amid fears over safety. This led to 700 local residents being evacuated from their homes. Fire crews used seventeen high volume pumps to remove four million litres of water per hour from the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The possibility of the dam being susceptible to cracking had been discussed in 1970, at a conference about problems with dams of a similar age and construction.</p><br>
<p>It was feared that, if the reservoir&#39;s dam was breached, the sudden flow of water could bring down high voltage power lines, and flood the nearby M1 and a crucial regional electricity substation, which supplies the power to the whole of Sheffield.</p><br>
<p>The Harrison P. Young House is a home in the Chicago suburb of Oak Park, Illinois, United States. The 1870s era building was remodeled extensively by famous American architect Frank Lloyd Wright, early in his career, in 1895. The homes remodeling incorporated elements that would later be found in Wrights pioneering, early modern Prairie style. Some of the remodel work included setting the home back an additional 16 ft  from the street and an overhanging porch over the driveway. The House is similar in some ways to Wright&#39;s other early work and was influenced by his first teacher, Joseph Silsbee. The house is considered a contributing property to both a local and federally Registered Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Harrison P. Young House was first built during the 1870s for Harrison P. Young based upon a design by William E. Coman. In 1895 it was remodeled by famous American architect Frank Lloyd Wright for the same client. The Young House was perhaps most influenced by Wrights design for the Nathan G. Moore House, which was designed during the same period in a Tudor Revival style. Wrights 1895 remodel was significant and included structural modifications; before any other work began the house was pushed back an additional 16 ft (4.88 m) from the street.</p><br>
<p>Following on, Wright affixed a large addition to the home, faced with narrow banded clapboarding (found in much of Wrights early work), the addition held a new living room, second-floor bedroom and a large porch. Wrights sweeping, utilitarian porch overhangs, meant to allow access to the carriage during the rain, were cantilevered over the entry drive. It is the sweep of Wrights eaves, throughout the remodel, that give the home a distinctly modern Wrightian character. The high-pitched gabled roof is reminiscent of the roof lines in the Irving Clark House in suburban LaGrange, Illinois. In the Clark house too, the main gable of the house is bisected by another perpendicular gable. Both homes also feature prominent chimneys constructed from Roman brick. Chimneys such as these became hallmarks of Wrights Prairie style work and of his work throughout his career. The large chimney is symbolic of the significance of the hearth in a warm, family-centered environment.</p><br>
<p>In the Young House some of the elements that Wright would go to use in his signature early modern Prairie style are recognizable. The most obvious element which is immediately visible is the thin, narrow clapboarding, which provides some of the horizontal emphasis for which Prairie style is known. Other features are more representative of Wright&#39;s earliest work with architect Joseph Silsbee, such as the soaring roof lines.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The house is most significant for the preview it gives of Wright&#39;s Prairie style, and the home utilizes many elements that would later become an important part of that school. The house is also recognized by the United States federal government as a contributing property to the Frank Lloyd Wright-Prairie School of Architecture Historic District. The village of Oak Park has its own, local version of the federal historic district and the Young House is part of that district as well. The federal Frank Lloyd Wright Historic District was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on December 4, 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Alta Vista Terrace District is a historic district in the Lake View community of Chicago, Illinois. The district was built in 1904 in imitation of the rowhouse style of London.</p><br>
<p>The development was the work of Samuel Gross, who was responsible for several other real estate developments in Chicago. He was inspired to build Alta Vista Terrace after a trip to Europe, in which he looked at the row houses of London. The street is one block long and contains 40 small, single-family rowhouses, each on a lot about 24 feet wide and 40 feet deep. There were 20 different exterior styles based on various adaptations of architectural styles. Some of the features included Doric and Ionic wood pilasters, Gothic arches, Palladian windows, stained and leaded-glass fanlights, bay and bow windows, and various decorative woodwork.</p><br>
<p>Alta Vista Terrace is found at 1050 West on the Chicago street grid, running north from Grace Street (3800 North) to Byron Street (3900 North).</p><br>
<p>Hills Memorial Library is the former public library of Hudson, New Hampshire in the United States. It was erected in memory of Ida Virginia Hills by her husband, Dr. Alfred Hills, and her mother, Mary Field Creutzborg. The land had been previously donated by Kimball Webster for the express purpose of building a public library. The new building was designed by architect Hubert G. Ripley, built during the winter of 1908-09 and opened to the public on June 12, 1909. The building itself was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 7, 1984. The town of Hudson closed the facility on May 18, 2009 as the collection was moved to the new George H. and Ella M. Rodgers Memorial Library.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The library, first established in a private home, was soon moved to a location above Baker&#39;s Bros store. On September 17, 1904, Kimball Webster, town historian, Selectman and Library Trustee, donated land in the center of town with the requirement that it eventually hold a free standing public library building. A few years later, when Ida Virginia Hills died unexpectedly on May 4, 1908, aged 51, her husband and mother decided to provide the funds to build a library in her memory. The town unanimously accepted the gift on September 3, 1908 and ground was broken the next month.</p><br>
<p>Construction costs totaled approximately $14,000 over 7 months as the two-story, 70x50 stone building was completed. In the end, the building contained a total of 2,500 ft&sup2; of usable space divided between the main library floor, a small loft above, and a community meeting room in the basement. The new building, called Hills Memorial Library, was dedicated on the 22nd anniversary of the Hills&#39; marriage, June 11, 1909, and opened to the public the next day.</p><br>
<p>During its first year of operation, under the direction of Librarian Eliza Leslie, 830 residents (out of 1344) signed up for library cards, and there was a total circulation of 5015 items. The collection at the end of the year was 4153 items, 600 of which were donated by Dr. Hills.</p><br>
<p>The basement meeting room was used by the town for many years for a variety of purposes. The Girl Scouts, the Hudson Community Improvement Club and the Camera Club were among those community groups which met in the space. It was also used temporarily as a public school classroom while an addition was being added to the nearby H.O. Smith Elementary school.</p><br>
<p>However, the Hudson population and library circulation continued to grow apace through the first half of the 20th century. To meet a need for more space and childrens materials, in 1965 the basement was transformed through the efforts of town organizations and the trustees into a dedicated childrens room. This was opened to the public on January 18, 1966. The loft, known as the alcove, was also renovated a few years later, with work completed in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Another addition to library services came in 1977, when the Hudson Junior Womans Club, the Fire Department, Boyers Auto Body and the Alvirne High School Industrial Arts department renovated a surplus army vehicle into a bookmobile. Bookmobile service commenced in that same year and continued until 2005 when the second bookmobile was retired due to a need for extensive repairs.</p><br>
<h2>Current</h2><br>
<p>Hills Memorial closed its doors upon the opening of the town&#39;s new public library, the George H. and Ella M. Rodgers Memorial Library. The new facility opened on May 18, 2009 and was formally dedicated on June 7, 2009. The move coincides with the 100th anniversary of the old Hills Memorial Library.</p><br>
<p>Hickory Nut Falls, also known as Hickorynut Falls, is a waterfall located at Chimney Rock State Park in Rutherford County, North Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hickory Nut Falls flows on Fall Creek through the Hickory Nut Gorge, and is part of Chimney Rock Park, a park that was privately owned until May 2007, when the State of North Carolina completed the purchase of the park. Chimney Rock Park and the Hickory Nut Gorge are being developed into a state park.</p><br>
<p>Prior to 2007, the park and the falls was owned by the Morse family, and was widely known to Southerners for over 100 years. National attention came to the park and the falls when it was featured in the 1992 film The Last of the Mohicans. The park was heavily featured at the end, and the final fight scene between Chingachgook and Magua was filmed at the brink of the falls.</p><br>
<h2>Visiting the Falls</h2><br>
<p>Visitors to the falls may view it from U. S. Highway 64 for free. To view the falls more closely, visitors must pay an admission fee ($15 for adults, $7 for children as of 2013) at the park gate. After admission, visitors may hike either the moderate-difficulty 1.5-mile round-trip Hickory Nut Falls Trail to the base of the falls. In 2017, the improved Skyline trail to the top of the falls was reopened.</p><br>
<h2>Nearby Falls</h2><br>
<p>There are several falls above the main drop of Hickory Nut Falls. Other falls in the area include:</p><br>
<p>Rainbow Falls (Rutherford County)</p><br>
<p>Camp Minnehaha Falls - a cascade on Grassy Creek that has a winter roadside view. To see the falls, from the Intersection of US 74A and NC 9, go.8 miles north. Parks in the pullout on the left just before the guardrail.</p><br>
<p>The Cascades - a waterfall on Grassy Creek upstream from Camp Minnehaha Falls that is on private property</p><br>
<p>Pool Creek Falls - a slide waterfall in an area currently restricted to public access, but that will be part of the new State Park</p><br>
<p>Wolf Creek Falls - another waterfall in the same restricted area</p><br>
<p>The Ivalo  is a 180 km long river that flows through upper Lapland into Lake Inari.</p><br>
<p>The Ivalo starts from the Korsa fjelds hugging the border between Inari and Enontekiö. The first streams branching off of it can be found on the bogs of Peltotunturi on the border between Finland and Norway along the western border of the Lemmenjoki National Park. The river flows into Lake Inari from a 5 km long delta approximately 10 km from the village of the same name, which is located on both banks of this meandering, shallow run. The Repo, Tolos, Sota and Kylä Rivers, the latter two of which are renowned for the gold found in them, are some of the Ivalo River&#39;s tributaries.</p><br>
<p>For almost its entire length, the Ivalo flows through wilderness. Near its headwaters, the river meanders as a narrow stream through the southernmost bogs of the Lemmenjoki National Park. Halfway down its length, the national park becomes the Hammastunturi Wilderness Area, through which it flows almost all the way to Ivalo.</p><br>
<h2>River of gold</h2><br>
<p>The Ivalo has been nicknamed the "river of gold". During the Lapland gold rush at the end of the 19th century, places like Kultala were built. The movie Lapin kullan kimallus by director Åke Lindman portrays the height of the gold rush. Hundreds of gold claims, differing greatly in size, are still staked out along the banks of the river and its tributaries.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The Ivalo continues to gain in popularity as a tourist attraction. In 2005, it was named the Destination of the Year at the Retki 2005 fair. A 60 km long stretch of rapids from Kuttura to Tolonen has been a traditional destination for canoers. Lately, it has become popular with whitewater rafters, as well. Tourists can hike to areas where gold was and is still being mined by following marked trails. A suspension bridge spans the Ivalo river at Kultala.</p><br>
<p>Fishermen can try to catch trout and graylings. With luck, they might even snag a pike or whitefish. The river&#39;s tributaries are teeming with trout that range from 20 to 25 cm long.</p><br>
<p>Rainbow Falls is a waterfall located in Chimney Rock, Rutherford County, North Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Rainbow Falls was owned privately until it was purchased by The Nature Conservancy in 2003. While much of the area is expected to be developed into a state park, including the nearby Chimney Rock Park, current plans to make Rainbow Falls accessible to the public are uncertain.</p><br>
<h2>Visiting the Falls</h2><br>
<p>Access to Rainbow Falls is prohibited. However, it is possible to view the falls during spring and winter from at least one point on the Hickory Nut Falls trail, at Chimney Rock Park. It will be more difficult to view the falls during the summer and fall due to foliage on the trees, and binoculars will make viewing them easier.</p><br>
<h2>Nearby Falls</h2><br>
<p>There are several falls above the main drop of Hickory Nut Falls. Other falls in the area include:</p><br>
<p>Hickory Nut Falls</p><br>
<p>Camp Minnehaha Falls - a cascade on Grassy Creek that has a winter roadside view. To see the falls, from the Intersection of US 74A and NC 9, go.8 miles north. Parks in the pullout on the left just before the guardrail.</p><br>
<p>The Cascades - a waterfall on Grassy Creek upstream from Camp Minnehaha Falls that is on private property</p><br>
<p>Pool Creek Falls - a slide waterfall in an area currently restricted to public access, but that will be part of the new State Park</p><br>
<p>Wolf Creek Falls - another waterfall in the same restricted area</p><br>
<p>Kawa Garbo or Khawa Karpo , as it is known by local residents and pilgrims, or Kawagebo Peak, is the highest mountain in the Chinese province of Yunnan. and is often referred to as Nyainqênkawagarbo to show its sacredness.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Kawagarbo is the high point in a range of high peaks that are generally referred to by Tibetans also as Kawagarpo. A mapping error by the Chinese army during the 1950s transcribed the name for a lower range of mountains to the north on a much larger area that also included Kawagarbo. The name of this lower range in Tibetan is Menri (Wylie system; Sman-ri in the Wade–Giles system; name means Mountains of Medicinal Herbs), but is most widely known by its Chinese transliteration, Meili Xue Shan (梅里雪山 or Meili Snow Mountain). This is the name most widely applied to the range by Chinese and Western sources. The Meili range is a small massif of the much more extensive Hengduan Shan, the major north-south trending complex of mountains lying along the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau in eastern Tibet, northwestern Yunnan, western Sichuan, and far northern Myanmar. The Meili Xue Shan forms part of the divide between the Salween (Nujiang) and Mekong (Lancangjiang) rivers.</p><br>
<p>The Meili Xue Shan has over 20 peaks with permanent snow cover, including six peaks over 6,000 m. Topographic extremes are immense, with vertical relief ranging from less than 2,000 m along the Mekong River on the east to 6,740 m on the summit of Kawagarpo within 10 km horizontal distance. Even greater topographic relief is found on the west or Salween River side of the range. Coincident with this extreme topographic gradient is a similarly steep environmental gradient. Compressed within this short distance are subtropical scrub ecosystems along the arid canyon bottoms, rising through dry oak forests, humid mixed deciduous-coniferous forests, cold temperate coniferous forests, alpine meadows and scree above treeline, to permanent snow on the high peaks. The Mingyong Glacier, descending from the summit of Kawagarbo, terminates at a low elevation just before the subtropical life zone. The range is highly affected by the monsoon, leading to especially unstable snow conditions, which have affected climbing attempts (see below).</p><br>
<h2>Sacred mountain worship</h2><br>
<p>Kawagarbo is one of the most sacred mountains for Tibetan Buddhism as the spiritual home of a warrior god of the same name. It is visited by 20,000 pilgrims each year from throughout the Tibetan world; many pilgrims circumambulate the peak, an arduous 240 km trek Although it is important throughout Tibetan Buddhism, it is the local Tibetans that are the day-to-day guardians and stewards of Kawagarbo, both the deity and the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The ancestral religion of the Kawagarpo area, as in much of Tibet, was Bön, a shamanistic tradition based on the concept of a world pervaded by good and evil spirits. Bön encompassed numerous deities and spirits which are still recognized today, and are often connected with specific geographical localities and natural features; the major mountain peaks in the Hengduan Mountains are thus all identified with specific deities. Kawagarbo is one of these. Since its introduction, Tibetan Buddhism has been the dominant religion of the Kawagarbo area, with followers of Gelugpa doctrine being the most common.</p><br>
<p>Tibetans believe the warrior god will leave them if human sets foot on the peak of Kawakarpo, making the ground unholy. Disasters will follow as they lose god&#39;s protection. Tibetans have also established a centuries-old sacred geography around the peak, maintained by religious leaders from local monasteries in negotiation with local villages. This sacred natural site preserves the natural resources and ecological health of the range.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>The first attempt on Kawakarpo was made in 1987 by a party from the Joetsu Alpine Club of Japan.</p><br>
<p>In the winter of 1990&ndash;91 a group from the Academic Alpine Club of Kyoto University attempted the peak in conjunction with a Chinese group. Their activity caused heavy protests from the local Tibetan community due to the mountain&#39;s cultural and religious significance. On 3 January 1991, a nighttime avalanche killed all seventeen members of the expedition, in one of the most deadly mountaineering accidents in history. The Kyoto club returned in 1996 to make another unsuccessful attempt.</p><br>
<p>American expeditions, led by Nicholas Clinch, visited the range in 1988, 1989, 1992, and 1993, attempting other major peaks, but were unsuccessful.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, local government passed laws banning all future climbing attempts on cultural and religious grounds., none of the significant peaks of the range have been successfully climbed.</p><br>
<h2>Retreat of Mingyong Glacier</h2><br>
<p>Mingyong Glacier descends steeply from the east face of Kawagarbo into the Mekong River valley on the Yunnan side of the massif. Because it descends from near the summit of Kawagarbo, it is also considered sacred by Tibetan Buddhists and two temples are located along its lower edge. From those temples, the rapid retreat of Mingyong Glacier is obvious, especially to local people who observe it year in and year out. A monk from Taizi Temple reflected on this rapid retreat of Mingyong Glacier, concerned that it might be punishment from Kawagarpo for the lack of devotion by him and his fellow Buddhists.</p><br>
<p>The retreat of Mingyong Glacier, linked to a warming climate in the Deqin area, has received considerable attention for its implications for biodiversity conservation, retrieval of climber&#39;s bodies killed in the 1991 avalanche, impacts on Mingyong village water supply, and in the broader context of climate change impacts to biological and social systems in northwest Yunnan and beyond.</p><br>
<p>Lake Cheko  is a small freshwater lake in Siberia, near the Podkamennaya Tunguska River, in what is now the Evenkiysky District of the Krasnoyarsk Krai. It is a small bowl-shaped lake, 708 metres long, 364 metres wide and about 50 metres deep .</p><br>
<p>It has been connected by some scientists to the Tunguska event and they postulate the lake was created by a chunk of the exploding meteorite that struck the ground.</p><br>
<p>In 2017, that theory was disputed by Russian scientists, by proving that the lake is older, possibly even much older, than the Tunguska Event.</p><br>
<h2>Age of the lake</h2><br>
<p>Some scientists have speculated that Lake Cheko was created during the Tunguska event of 1908, an explosion that destroyed more than 2,000 km&sup2; of Siberian taiga. It is suggested that the lake, which lies approximately 8 kilometres north-north-west of the event hypocenter, was formed by a fragment which struck the ground. More recent evidence suggests at least a portion of the lake is over twice as old as the date of the meteorite.</p><br>
<h3>Varied evidence</h3><br>
<p>A 1961 investigation estimated the age of the lake to be at least 5000 years, based on meters-thick silt deposits on the lake bed. However, a 2001 paper concluded that the sediments, isotopes, and pollen "suggest that Lake Cheko formed at the time of the Tunguska Event." Their recent research indicates that only a metre or so of the sediment layer on the lake bed is "normal lacustrine sedimentation", indicating a much younger lake of about 100 years.</p><br>
<p>Acoustic-echo soundings of the lake floor offer some further support for the impact hypothesis, revealing a conical shape for the lake bed, which could be consistent with an impact crater. Also, the lake&#39;s long axis points to the hypocenter of the Tunguska explosion, about 7.0 km away.</p><br>
<p>Magnetic readings also indicate a possible meter-sized chunk of rock below the lake&#39;s deepest point, which may be a fragment of the colliding body.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, a BBC News story on the 100th anniversary of the Tunguska Event mentioned that researchers at Imperial College London had pointed out that many of the trees surrounding the lake are older than 100 years, which suggests that the lake could not have been created by an impact in 1908. The researchers also pointed out other problems, including the morphology of the lake and the surrounding terrain, the lack of impactor debris and ejecta, and that the characteristics of the impactor required by the impact theory are inconsistent with existing models of the known features of the event.</p><br>
<p>But in 2009, researchers from the University of Bologna investigated the lake bed and, based on evidence such as sedimentation, reaffirmed the conclusions of the 2001 paper that Lake Cheko formed at the time of the Tunguska Event.</p><br>
<p>Additional research by Russian scientists in 2017 appears to contradict a purely Tunguska Event based formation theory. Core samples of sediment taken from the deepest part of the lake demonstrated an age of up to 280 years, suggesting that at least a portion of the lake existed prior to the meteorite striking.</p><br>
<p>The West Jackson Boulevard District in Chicago, Illinois, also known as West Jackson Historic District, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It was earlier designed as a Chicago Landmark, in 1976, and expanded as Jackson Boulevard District and Extension in 1997. The NRHP district was expanded in 1989 to include one more building, the James H. Pearson House.</p><br>
<p>The district is a historic district in the Near West Side community area of Chicago, Illinois, United States. The district&#39;s area was built up between 1879 and 1893 by various architects. Lumber baron Benjamin Ferguson commissioned a red brick Queen Anne house in 1883 that takes up three city lots. The area also includes the Church of the Epiphany. The original district was designated a Chicago Landmark on November 15, 1976, and was then extended to present size on July 30, 1997.</p><br>
<p>The 1978 NRHP listing covered an 8.5 acre area roughly bounded by Laflin, Ashland, Adams, and Van Buren Sts. It included 34 contributing buildings in Second Empire, Italianate, Queen Anne and other styles.</p><br>
<p>The James H. Pearson House, a building at 1513 W. Adams St., which had been constructed in 1885, was added to the NRHP listing in 1989. It was designed by architects Burnham & Root in Richardsonian Romanesque style.</p><br>
<p>The Southern Oregon Coast Range is the southernmost section of the Oregon Coast Range, in the Pacific Coast Ranges, located in the southwest portion of the state of Oregon, United States, roughly between the Umpqua River and the middle fork of the Coquille River, beyond which are the Klamath Mountains. To the east is the Umpqua Valley and to the west the Pacific Ocean. This approximately 55 mi-long mountain range contains mountains as high as 3,547 ft for Bone Mountain. The mountains are known locally in the Roseburg area as the Callahan Mountains, or simply as The Callahans.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>As with the Oregon Coast Range as a whole, the Southern Oregon Coast Range likely began as an ocean island chain that collided with the continental tectonic plate of North America more than 60 million years ago. In the Southern Range the 64&#8209;million-year-old Roseburg volcanics that formed this section are the oldest portions of the entire range. The range is part of a forearc basin that has slowly rotated about 51 degrees since the Eocene period. Much of the mountain structures are pillow basalt formations created during the volcanic period and then uplifted with the collision into the continental plate. Other geologic features are mainly the result of erosion and weather forces carving steam beds and valleys out of the rock formations.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The Oregon Coast Range is home to over 50 mammals, 100 species of birds, and nearly 30 reptiles or amphibians that spent a significant portion of their life cycle in the mountains. Birds living in the Southern Coast Range include a variety of smaller and larger bird species.</p><br>
<p>These include northern goshawks, peregrine falcons, pileated woodpeckers, olive-sided flycatcher, and western bluebirds. The northern spotted owl, listed as a threatened species by the United States also inhabit the mountain forests. Aquatic life includes river lamprey, Pacific lamprey, coastal cutthroat trout, Millicoma longnose dace, Umpqua chub, red-legged frogs, southern seep salamander, western pond turtles, coho salmon, Chinook salmon, steelhead trout, and others.</p><br>
<p>Plants include large stands of Douglas-fir trees, western hemlock forests, cedar trees, with portions of these forests including old-growth stands. Other flora include Sitka spruce, salmonberry, salal, tanoak, and western azalea. Portions of the range are in the Elliott State Forest.</p><br>
<h2>Location and climate</h2><br>
<p>The range begins around the Umpqua River with the Central Oregon Coast Range to the north. Oregon Route 38 is the general divide between the two sections. On the southern end the Coquille River’s middle fork provides the general dividing line between the Central Range and the Klamath Mountains to the south and east.</p><br>
<p>The climate of the mountains is of the mild maritime variety. It is characterized by cool dry summers followed by mild and wet winters. Most precipitation falls in the form of rain, with snow during the winter months at the higher elevations. Annual precipitation varies from 60 to 120 in, with more in the higher elevations. The average high temperature in January is 36.3 &deg;F, and the average high in July is 61.9 &deg;F with temperature also varying by elevation.</p><br>
<h2>Peaks</h2><br>
<p>All peaks in the range are over 3,000 ft in elevation.</p><br>
<h2>Rivers</h2><br>
<p>The following rivers have portions of their headwaters in the Southern Oregon Coast Range:</p><br>
<p>Drains to Pacific Ocean:</p><br>
<p>Coos River</p><br>
<p>Coquille River</p><br>
<p>Umpqua River</p><br>
<p>The Motor Row District is a historic district in Chicago’s Near South Side community area. Motor Row includes buildings on Michigan Avenue between 2200 and 2500 south, directly west of McCormick Place convention center, and 1444, 1454, 1737, 1925, 2000 S. Michigan Ave., as well as 2246-3453 S. Indiana Ave., and 2211-47 S. Wabash Ave. The district was built between 1905 and 1936 by a number of notable architects.</p><br>
<p>Auto rows developed in numerous US cities shortly after 1900 as car companies sought to create districts where the sale and repair of cars could become an easy urban shopping experience. At its peak, as many as 116 different makes of automobiles were sold and repaired on Motor Row. Current-day marques that formerly had showrooms on Motor Row included Ford, Buick, Fiat, and Cadillac. Other marques with showrooms there that have since dissolved include Hudson, Locomobile, Marmon, and Pierce-Arrow. Currently, only one car dealer (Fiat/Alfa Romeo) still stands in Motor Row while the remaining buildings have been or are being redeveloped into condominiums, nightclubs, and retail storefronts.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The range of buildings in Motor Row illustrates the evolution of the automobile showroom and related product and service buildings, from simple two-story structures used for display and offices to multi-story buildings housing a variety of departments for the repair, storage, painting, and finishing of automobiles. Many of the buildings were designed by significant architects, including Holabird & Roche, Alfred Alschuler, Philip Maher, Albert Kahn, and Christian Eckstorm. The overall design highlights elaborately carved stone work, ornate facades and intricately scrolled ironwork that decorates recessed automotive doorways.</p><br>
<p>Though characterized by its auto showrooms, Motor Row was also home to newspaper The Chicago Defender, a newspaper voice for Chicago&#39;s large African American community. Chess Records was also located in Motor Row and acts such as Muddy Waters, The Rolling Stones, Willie Dixon and many other blues artists recorded there. Currently is located in Motor Row on the 24th block of Michigan.</p><br>
<p>Motor Row was designated a Chicago Landmark on December 13, 2000. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 18, 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Redevelopment</h2><br>
<p>In recent years, Motor Row has been undergoing a transformation into a music and entertainment district. Motor Row Brewing (formerly known as Broad Shoulders Brewery) opened in the district in January 2015. Riff Music Lounge opened in the district in 2013.</p><br>
<p>In 2011-2012, local officials attempted to lure a Cheap Trick-themed restaurant, music venue and museum to the district; however, this deal fell through in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Villa District, also known as Villa Historic District,  is a historic district in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is located on Chicagos Northwest Side within the community area of Irving Park. Its borders are along Pulaski Road to the west, the Union Pacific/Northwest rail line to the north, Hamlin to the east, and Addison Street to the south. Located directly north of the Wacławowo area of Avondale, the Villa District is serviced by the Blue Lines Addison street station.</p><br>
<p>The district was built in 1902 by a number of architects, many of them visibly influenced by Frank Lloyd Wrights Prairie Style of architecture. Most notable among these were bungalows designed by the architectural firm of Hatzfeld and Knox, whose partner Clarence Hatzfeld would later design the fieldhouse and natatorium at Portage Park. The area was originally developed as the "Villa addition to Irving Park" and showcases many unique Craftsman and Prairie style homes fronting on picturesque boulevard style streets. Although St. Wenceslaus church, a majestic Romanesque-Art Deco hybrid draws many of the tourists visiting the area, this historic church is actually a few blocks south of the districts formal boundaries.</p><br>
<p>The Villa district was the northwest "bookend" for Chicagos vaunted Polish Corridor along Milwaukee Avenue that extended from Division and Ashland Avenue at Polonia Triangle. Journalist Mike Royko famously dubbed the area as the Polish Kenilworth after the posh suburb of Chicagos North Shore.</p><br>
<p>The Villa Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 11, 1979. Its area was increased on March 10, 1983 by the addition of the Villa Apartments, 3948-3952 and 3949-3953 W. Waveland Ave.</p><br>
<p>The Villa District was designated a Chicago Landmark on November 23, 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Henry B. Clarke House is a Greek Revival style house in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Henry Brown Clarke was a native of New York State who had come to Chicago in 1833 with his wife, Caroline Palmer Clarke, and his family. He entered into the hardware business with William Jones and Byram King, establishing King, Jones and Company, and provided building materials to the growing Chicago populace. The house was built in circa 1836 by a local contractor, probably John Rye, who later married the Clarkes&#39; housemaid, Betsy.</p><br>
<p>Originally built near Michigan Avenue and 17th Street, it has been moved twice, most recently in 1977 to Indiana Avenue and 18th Street, near its original location. Its current location in a park and gardens is part of the Prairie Avenue Historic District in the Near South Side community area and the house is now a museum.</p><br>
<h2>Oldest surviving house in Chicago</h2><br>
<p>Clarke House may have been modeled on the home of William B. Ogden. The Clarke house is often described as the oldest surviving house in Chicago, although part of the Noble-Seymour-Crippen House in the Norwood Park neighborhood was built in 1833. (However, Norwood Park was not annexed to Chicago until 1893.) The Clarke House was designated a Chicago Landmark on October 14, 1970. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 6, 1971.</p><br>
<p>Originally built on 20.08 acres of land near Michigan Avenue between 16th and 17th Streets, it is currently located at 1827 S. Indiana, near its original location. Clarke&#39;s decision to build south of the River made him the first wealthy Chicagoan to build there.</p><br>
<h2>Widow Clarke's House</h2><br>
<p>Clarke died in 1849 after being stricken with cholera. Caroline Palmer Clarke lived until 1860 and it was during this time that the house was known as the "Widow Clarkes House". After her husbands death, Caroline Clarke established "Clarkes addition to Chicago" by selling all but 3 acre of the original land that went with the house. She used this money to support her family and renovate her house, adding an elaborate back portico with Doric columns, much like the original portico facing the lake. The new porch faced the newly gaslit Michigan Avenue. At the same time, she added an Italianate cupola and decorated her dining room and front parlor, which remained unfinished from the time of the familys financial setbacks.</p><br>
<p>In 1871 John Chrimes, a prominent Chicago tailor, purchased the house and moved it farther south to 45th Street and Wabash Avenue into what was then the township of Hyde Park. When the house was being moved, a packet of papers was discovered that Clarke had apparently buried when building the house. The packet contained a memorial to President Martin van Buren recommending Henry Clarke for a job, tax receipts, newspapers of the day, and a statement in Henry Clarke&#39;s handwriting, stating, "I, Henry B. Clarke, am an ardent Democrat." While on the new site, the building housed the St. Paul Church of God in Christ for more than thirty years. As the parsonage and community hall of this church, the Clarke House was the working home of Bishop Louis Henry Ford, the man for whom the Bishop Ford Expressway would later be named.</p><br>
<h2>Another move</h2><br>
<p>In 1977, the City of Chicago purchased the house and moved it to its current location, a project that included lifting the entire building over the El tracks on the Englewood-Jackson Park line. It was a cold December night and the hydraulic equipment responsible for holding up the house froze. For two weeks, the house sat adjacent to the El tracks until it could be moved to its current home at 1827 S. Indiana.</p><br>
<h2>Clarke House Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Clarke House Museum is operated as a historic house museum by the Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs. Guided tours are available by arrangement with the neighboring Glessner House Museum. The Clarke House Museum is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums.</p><br>
<p>The Francis J. Dewes House is a house located at 503 West Wrightwood Avenue in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The house was built in 1896 by Adolph Cudell and Arthur Hercz for brewer Francis J. Dewes. It was designated a Chicago Landmark on June 12, 1974. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 14, 1973</p><br>
<p>Wealthy German immigrants, including Wacker, Leight, Gaetner, Deever, and Schlosser, constructed luxurious mansions east of Clark Street in Chicago&#39;s Lincoln Park. Francis Dewes, a Chicago brewer and millionaire, built the most elaborate home in the Lincoln Park still standing - Dewes Mansion at 503 West Wrightwood Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Architects Adolph Cudell and Arthur Hercz designed the Dewes mansion, and it was completed in 1896. Hercz was originally from Hungary, and Cudell was no stranger to building grand residences for Chicago&#39;s wealthy elite. In 1879 Cudell also designed the Rush Street mansion of prominent businessman Cyrus Hall McCormick.</p><br>
<p>The Dewes mansion was built for Francis J. Dewes, a brewer. Dewes was born in Prussia in 1845, the son of a brewer and member of the German parliament. In 1868 Francis Dewes emigrated to Chicago and found employment as a bookkeeper for established brewing companies such as Rehm and Bartholomae and the Busch and Brand Brewing Company. He rose through the ranks, and in 1882 he founded his own successful brewing firm. His mansion was built to reflect his own Prussian background and European tastes.</p><br>
<p>Taken as a whole, the building is an unusual example of a German inspired style, influenced by the neo-Baroque architecture of Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris at the end of the 19th century. The exterior of this lavish gray-stone is decorated with carved stonework and ornamental cornices and lintels. The entrance to the mansion is flanked by caryatids, tall figures acting as columns, supporting a balcony over the doorway.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The mansion is three story Baroque style with two caryatids supporting the balcony over the main entrance. There are many figures and ornamental groups carved in the Bedford stone exterior of the building. Oranmental iron, hand-wrought, forms the balconies, window trim, porches, and railings; all in lavish detail of the Baroque style. There is a mansard roof with hand wrought copper fence surround. The exterior of the building is considered to be Louis XV style that later spread to all the capitals of Europe. The large stained glass window which extends from the main stairway landing of the building up to the second floor is the work of a famous Belgian artist with figures and flowers in a springtime motif. The artist was engaged to design a window to fit the opening and came to Chicago especially to work out the details and return to Belgium to personally supervise the firing of the glass and making of the window. On the first floor of the elegant interior of this building one immediately notices upon entering the foyer the huge fireplace on the East wall with marble columns facing the magnificent staircase leading to the second floor; immediately ahead upon entering is the wishing well equipped with running water and statue. The floors are Italian Mosaic and marble arranged in panels with overlay of gilded ornamental plaster molding gracing the walls.</p><br>
<p>Ornamental iron, hand wrought, is used as a decor on the stairway, as lighting fixtures and ornamentation. This work was executed in Germany and exhibited at the Columbian Exposition in 1893 prior to being installed in the building. It received the grand prize of merit both for design and craftsmanship. The library of Gothic architecture, was brought from Europe where it was designed and erected - then dismantled and shipped to Chicago to be erected again. This room is on the right as you enter the foyer. The wood paneling, ornamental beams, molding, and siding consist of East Indian mahogany with a French hand polished finish.</p><br>
<p>The fireplace was removed from an old European castle and the wood work designed and built around same. The walls above are finished with exquisite gold and silk tapestry woven especially for this room. The Drawing Room on the left as you enter is French Renaissance with ornamental hand sculptured gypsum figures^ heavy relief moldings and cornices done in Baroque style. The Italian marble fireplace with a huge mirror covers East wall. The ceiling is painted with landscape scenes and figures. The wall panels are French Brocade especially woven in Europe for the family.</p><br>
<p>The Music Room East Indian Mahogany woodwork and French Silk tapestry walls and a Brazilian onyx polished marble fireplace is located between the Drawing Room and the Dining Room. The Dining Room is of Flemish design - with quarter sawn Flemish Oak built and assembled in one of Chicago&#39;s own woodworking shops. The wood was imported and cured for a number of years then painstakingly designed, cut, and finished into wood beams, paneling and frames. The figures were designed in clay in Germany and shipped to Chicago, where they were carved into wood by a process that is now almost unheard of. There is not the slightest crack or flaw that has developed in any of these pieces even after years of exposure. The glass panels used in this room were imported from Venice and are of exquisite design.</p><br>
<p>Sam Brown House  is a historic house in Gervais, Oregon, United States built in 1857 by Oregon pioneer and state senator Samuel Brown . The house is located on the French Prairie on the Peter Depot land claim and is believed to be the first in Oregon to be designed by an architect.</p><br>
<p>The house was featured in the August 1986 issue of National Geographic Magazine, which described Samuel Brown as a Missourian who dug 62 pounds of gold in California and later moved with his wife to Oregon. The couple filed a Donation Land Claim and acquired more than 1,000 acre and built their house near what is now the city of Gervais.</p><br>
<p>It served as a stage stop and housed three generations of the Browns. The son of the original Samuel Brown, Sam H. Brown, was a state senator and unsuccessfully ran for governor in 1934 and 1938.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Ford Building, a Streamline Moderne structure in Balboa Park, San Diego, California, serves as the home of the San Diego Air & Space Museum. The building was originally built by the Ford Motor Company for the California Pacific International Exposition, which was held in 1935 and 1936. In the middle of the museum the Ford&#39;s Hall is used for weddings, balls, parties, and other occasions.</p><br>
<h2>Design and construction</h2><br>
<p>The architect was noted American industrial designer Walter Dorwin Teague. The building was styled to resemble a V8 engine. The building overall consists of two different sized circles in the shape of an "8," and in the courtyard of the larger circle there is a large fountain shaped like the Ford V8 logo. The lights in the courtyard ("Pavilion of Flight") are shaped like valves. Along the interior wall of the outer ring is a mural depicting the history of transportation from the times of hunter-gatherers through 1935. The last panel of the mural was left open for the artist to depict his vision of the future of transportation after 1935, which is still visible today.</p><br>
<p>Initially, Ford wanted the building to be a 200-foot tower, but with the building near the flight path of arriving planes at San Diego International Airport, it was lowered to 90 feet. The size of the building was also decreased to 60,000 square feet from the initially proposed 113,000 square feet.</p><br>
<p>The site for the building was initially going to be near the Spreckels Organ Pavilion, but was later decided to be built in the Palisades area of the park. It took 11 months to complete construction. The main exhibit hall was a cement plaster structure framed by steel.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ford was the exposition&#39;s principal exhibitor and invested $2 million in the 45,000 ft&sup2, 296 ft diameter building to showcase its vehicles and other forms of transportation.</p><br>
<p>By the end of the exhibition, 2.5 million people had toured the building and its exhibits. Ford donated the building to the city of San Diego at the exhibition&#39;s completion in November 1935. When the 1936 exhibition concluded, the building was closed and was not available to the public until 1980 when the San Diego Air & Space Museum opened.</p><br>
<p>With the building empty, the National Guard temporarily stored anti-aircraft artillery, trucks, and searchlights. During World War II, Balboa Park was renamed to Camp Kidd, to be used for USA Navy training, barracks, and hospital wards. The Ford Building was used for training mechanics in aircraft repair and welding from 1941 to 1946.</p><br>
<p>From the late 1940s to the 1960s, the building was used for storage for both the Starlight Civic Opera and San Diego&#39;s Park and Recreation department. By this point the building was in poor shape and was recommended by a 1960 commission to demolish the building. Several San Diego groups instead worked to get the building listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, saving it from being destroyed.</p><br>
<h2>Air and Space Museum</h2><br>
<p>During the process of adding the building to the National Register, the San Diego City Council recommended it be used for a new home to the Air and Space Museum. After its earlier location in the former Electric Building was burned down in an arson fire in 1978, the Ford Building was remodeled to house the museum at a cost of $8 million and opened on June 28, 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Henry Gerber House is located on North Crilly Court in the Old Town neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is a single-family brick row house built in 1885 in the Queen Anne style, mostly intact from that time. In the 1920s it housed the apartment occupied by German-born Henry Gerber, founder of the short-lived Society for Human Rights, which was incorporated in Illinois as the first American organization working for gay rights. Inspired by nascent gay-rights organizations he had seen in Germany, Gerber held meetings here and published newsletters, the first known gay civil rights periodicals in the country, for a year until the Chicago police raided the house in 1925.</p><br>
<p>The Gerber House was recognized as a contributing property to the Old Town Triangle Chicago Landmark District when that was established by the city in 1977, and then when it was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The building was designated a Chicago Landmark in 2001.</p><br>
<p>In June 2015 it was named a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The house is located amidst a row of similar houses on North Crilly Court, a side street in Old Town, in the Lincoln Park community area, just north of West Eugenie Street a block and a half west of Lincoln Park itself and a block north of West North Avenue (Illinois Route 64). The surrounding neighborhood is urban and densely developed, primarily with attached residential two-story houses built in the late 19th century in the architectural styles of that era, on streets lined with shade trees. Reflecting the proximity of Lake Michigan, the neighborhood is flat.</p><br>
<p>The building itself is similar to its attached neighbors. A small garden, surrounded by a wrought iron fence, buffers the house from the sidewalk. It is a brick structure, faced in masonry, built on an exposed high brick foundation rising two stories to a flat roof with a small gable on the south. The 63 ft east (front) facade has two asymmetrically placed bays.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>From the basement level, a casement window with projecting lintel looks out on the garden. A projecting string course separates the basement from the first floor. On the south, stone stairs on the south side of the front garden rise to a small porch in front of the main entrance. Above the door is a round-arched transom window with :1710" in gold lettering, itself surrounded by a round stone arch of rusticated voussoirs with a keystone; a similarly rusticated course continues along the facade to the neighboring houses. On its north is a recessed tripartite single-paned window with sidelights and transom topped by a lintel of splayed rusticated blocks.</p><br>
<p>Another stringcourse separates the first and second floors. It also serves as the sill for the arched north window, with smaller rectangular panes filling the edge of the arch. It has the same rusticated arch treatment as the main entrance. On its south is a two-pane horizontal casement window with a plain stone sill.</p><br>
<p>Above both second-story windows is a molded frieze. The roofline treatment is different. Topping the frieze on the south side is a dentilled cornice below a paneled metal parapet. To its north, above the arched window, is a gable decorated with peaked paneling in its lower portion and a decorative pattern in the apex. On its north, separating a similar gable on the neighboring house, is a molded finial-topped square pillar rising from a corbel below the frieze. The roof itself is flat, with some modern membrane and mechanical equipment.</p><br>
<p>At the west (rear) the house narrows to 28 ft wide. Attached to it is a wooden deck, 16 by, that does not appear to be original to the house. However, it too is consistent with the other houses in the area.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The main entrance is a wooden paneled door with a brass knocker. The arched vestibule it opens into has the original floor tiles. Another transomed doorway opens into the living room, with a fireplace on the north wall.</p><br>
<p>An arched entryway leads into the dining room, with an alcove cut into the south wall beneath a staircase. To its west, towards the rear of the house, is the kitchen, with modern sliding glass doors leading out to the deck. Staircases, both original, lead from the rear to the upper floor and basement level.</p><br>
<p>In the basement, drywall covers the original exposed brick walls, laid in running bond, and has also been used to enclose an added bathroom as part of a general modern renovation. Two original doors on the east and west lead to the outside.</p><br>
<p>At the top of the stairway to the upper floor is a modern skylight. It is between the two original bedrooms, one of which is now used as an office. In the master bedroom, on the east side, is a small bathroom. On its north is another fireplace.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>While the house&#39;s historical significance comes from its association with Gerber in the mid-1920s, it has a history before and after that period.</p><br>
<h3>1833–1885: Development of Old Town</h3><br>
<p>The area today known as Old Town was unsettled marshland ceded to the city by local Ojibwa Native Americans in the 1833 Treaty of Chicago. It remained uninhabited until German refugees began arriving due to unrest there during the 1840s and filled in the wetlands to establish cabbage farms. By the time of the Civil War in the 1860s houses had been built alongside the farms.</p><br>
<p>The Great Chicago Fire of 1871 destroyed most of the original houses. Residents mostly decided to rebuild in the same area, making the neighborhood more urban in the process. Developer Daniel Francis Crilly built the houses on the street named after him, including 1710, in 1885 in the emerging Queen Anne Style. He and his family rented it out rather than selling it.</p><br>
<h3>1885–1923: Gerber's earlier life</h3><br>
<p>Josef Heinrich Dittmar was born in the Bavarian town of Passau in 1892. After emigrating to Chicago at the age of 21, he started going by the name Henry Gerber. When the United States entered World War I against his native Germany, he applied for and received conscientious objector status. As a result, he spent the war years in an internment camp. In 1917 he may have been briefly committed to a mental hospital for treatment of his homosexuality, which may have helped him see it as a component of his identity. After the war ended the following year and he was no longer treated with suspicion as a German, he re-enlisted and was assigned to the occupying forces.</p><br>
<p>Gerber was stationed in Coblenz, where he wrote for and edited an Army newspaper. He came in contact with the thriving German gay culture that had emerged there since the 1890s. Magazines for gays and lesbians circulated freely, and Gerber subscribed to several. He made trips to Berlin, where many gays and lesbians lived openly and the culture of the city as a whole was relatively tolerant.</p><br>
<p>On those trips, he may have visited the Institute for Sexual Research, the worlds first sexology research center. Founder Magnus Hirschfelds advocacy for sexual minorities had inspired German gays of the time to organize for the repeal of German law against sodomy. Gerber would later cite his years in Germany after the war as formative in his later activism.</p><br>
<h3>1923–25: Society for Human Rights</h3><br>
<p>In 1923 the occupation ended and Gerber returned to Chicago. He took a job with the Post Office and found room and board nearby at 1710 North Crilly Court. It is likely given his low income that he would have rented the smaller of the two upstairs bedrooms. The house at that time was slightly different in plan, with the first-floor dining room a smaller sitting room off a much larger kitchen, and no rear deck.</p><br>
<p>By then Old Town, known as North Town, had become more ethnically diverse, though it was still predominantly German, which Gerber would have found beneficial. Old Town then had a bohemian reputation, tolerant of those on societys political, social or cultural margins. It also had a slightly run-down character, with many of the original single-family homes subdivided into multiple-unit dwellings. There were brothels at either end of North Crilly, making it less likely that the police would care much about a residents sexual activities as long as he or she kept them discreet.</p><br>
<p>The situation for gays and lesbians in 1920s America was not what Gerber had experienced in Germany. The few urban American gay communities (almost exclusively male) that had emerged in the early 20th century were under constant police surveillance and frequently harassed. Gerber found the Chicago gay community, centered on the nearby neighborhood of Tower Town, flamboyant but less sophisticated than their German counterparts, with no political consciousness. Seeing the United States as being "in a state of chaos and misunderstanding concerning its sex laws," which made sodomy a felony eligible for the death penalty in some states (although that sentence was rarely imposed), he decided to "unravel the tangle and bring relief to the abused." Late in 1924 he filed incorporation papers with the state of Illinois for a nonprofit he called the Society for Human Rights, giving as its address his own, 1710 North Crilly Court.</p><br>
<p>The societys name was a direct translation of Bund für Menschenrecht, one of the German homophile organizations of the era. Gerber gave little direct hint of its purpose in the charter included in the incorporation application, saying the societys purpose was "to promote and to protect the interests of people who by reasons of mental and physical abnormalities are abused and hindered in the legal pursuit of happiness which is guaranteed them by the Declaration of Independence, and to combat the public prejudices against them by dissemination of facts according to modern science among intellectuals of mature age." It was thus the first formal gay rights organization in American history.</p><br>
<p>Gerber was able to attract about six other men as regular members, most of whom were workingmen like himself. It is likely that they met in the houses basement, as its front and rear entrances made it easy to enter and leave undetected, while the single window could easily be curtained off to prevent onlookers from seeing who was inside. The group held monthly meetings, at which they decided to work for the repeal of Illinoiss sodomy law.</p><br>
<p>As the organizations secretary, Gerber handled all its official correspondence and edited its newsletter, Friendship and Freedom. It is considered the first gay periodical in USA history. Only two issues were known to have been published; no copies are extant. Gerber shared it with similar organizations in Europe, and it is shown in a 1927 Hirschfeld photograph alongside similar German and French magazines. Another French magazine, LAmitié, reviewed the April 1925 issue.</p><br>
<p>The societys brief existence ended in July 1925, when the police raided the house in the early hours of a Sunday morning, accompanied by a reporter from the Chicago American afternoon tabloid newspaper. The investigating officers had found copies of Friendship and Freedom, which led them to North Crilly Court. There they seized copies of the newsletter, the societys records and Gerber&#39;s diaries and personal documents.</p><br>
<p>Charges against Gerber were at first heavily prosecuted, but ultimately dismissed at a third trial since the police had not gotten a search warrant before entering the house and seizing evidence. He would never recover the documents seized by postal inspectors looking for evidence of violations of the Comstock laws which forbid sending obscene materials through the mail. The legal struggle cost him considerable amounts of money as well as his job with the Post Office, and afterwards he left Chicago for New York.</p><br>
<h3>1925 – present: Preservation and heritage designations</h3><br>
<p>In the 1930s, Old Town experienced a renaissance as the artists and writers who had flocked to Tower Town the preceding decade began moving east. then a hippie neighborhood the next decade. In 1963 the Crilly family sold the house.</p><br>
<p>In 1977 Old Town was designated a Chicago Landmark District. By the 1980s yuppies had taken over, and gentrification began. In 1984 Old Town was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district; 1710 North Crilly was included as a contributing property. The current owners of 1710 bought the house the following year. At some point prior to that year the deck had been added to the rear, like every other house in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>The new owners could not move into the house as it is; some restoration was necessary. They had to replace all the flooring on the first floor as it had deteriorated to the point of being unsafe; new handrails were added to the stairs as well. The front steps and vestibule floor tiles also date to this era.</p><br>
<p>Some changes were also made to the house. Upstairs, the bathroom entrance from the hall was closed, making it more exclusive to the master bedroom it abuts. A skylight was cut in the ceiling over the top of the upper stairs. The small sitting room was expanded, using space originally part of the kitchen to create a larger dining room. In the basement, drywall was installed over the brick and another bathroom was installed.</p><br>
<p>The owners resisted the common late 20th-century trend of gutting the interior of historic houses to create more open space within. This preservation of the original building&#39;s integrity helped it gain its Chicago Landmark designation in 2002. It was also cited in the application for National Historic Landmark status, which the National Park Service granted in 2015.</p><br>
<p>Drift Falls, also known as Bust-Yer-Butt Falls and Driftwood Falls, is a waterfall located on private property in Transylvania County, North Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Drift Falls flows on the Horsepasture River in the Jocassee Gorge. The falls is an 80-ft. slide over bedrock to a deep pool, and is a part of a series of waterfalls along a 1,200-ft drop along the course of the river over a 2.5 mile stretch. In the past, large numbers of visitors to the falls would cause traffic problems along North Carolina Highway 281 as they gathered at the falls to swim in the pool. Thrill seekers would use the falls as a natural waterslide, which is how the falls got its nickname of "Bust-Yer-Butt Falls". Ownership of the falls changed, and it is now longer accessible to the public. The falls are privately owned and actively patrolled for trespassers.</p><br>
<h2>Nearby Falls</h2><br>
<p>Little Falls — located on private property upstream from Drift Falls</p><br>
<p>Narrows Falls — located in a gated community upstream from Drift Falls</p><br>
<p>Rock House Falls — 55-ft falls located on private property on Burlingame Creek, a tributary of the Horsepasture River</p><br>
<p>Turtleback Falls</p><br>
<p>Rainbow Falls</p><br>
<p>Stairway Falls</p><br>
<p>Sidepocket Falls</p><br>
<p>Windy Falls</p><br>
<p>The Southern Rocky Mountains are a major subregion of the Rocky Mountains of North America located in the southeastern portion of the USA state of Wyoming, the central and western portions of Colorado, the northern portion of New Mexico, and extreme eastern portions of Utah. The Southern Rocky Mountains are also commonly known as the Southern Rockies, and since the highest peaks are located in the State of Colorado, they are sometimes known as the Colorado Rockies, although many important ranges and peaks rise in the other three states. The Southern Rockies include the highest mountain ranges of the Rocky Mountains and include all 30 of the highest major peaks of the Rockies.</p><br>
<p>The Southern Rocky Mountains are generally divided from the Western Rocky Mountains by the Green River and the Colorado River below the Green River. The Southern Rockies are divided from the Central Rocky Mountains by South Pass in Wyoming and the drainage running east from the pass down the Sweetwater River and the North Platte River; and the drainage running southwest from the pass down Pacific Creek and Sandy Creek to the Green River. This divide between the Southern Rockies and the Central Rockies provided the lowest elevation traverse of the Rocky Mountain region for the historic Oregon Trail, the Mormon Trail, and the California Trail. The southern end of the Rocky Mountains are considered to be the Jemez Mountains and the Southern Sangre De Cristo mountains of New Mexico. Mountains south of here in N.M. are classified as the Arizona/New Mexico Mountains using the EPA Level III Ecoregions System.</p><br>
<p>This article defines a significant summit as a summit with at least 100 meters (328.1 feet) of topographic prominence, and a major summit as a summit with at least 500 meters (1640.4 feet) of topographic prominence. An ultra-prominent summit is a summit with at least 1500 meters (4921.3 feet) of topographic prominence.</p><br>
<p>All elevations in this article include an elevation adjustment from the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29) to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88). For further information, please see this United States National Geodetic Survey.</p><br>
<p>__TOC__</p><br>
<h2>Mountain ranges</h2><br>
<p>The following table lists the mountain ranges and subranges of the Southern Rocky Mountains with their highest summit.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain peaks</h2><br>
<h3>Highest summits</h3><br>
<p>The following sortable table lists the 57 mountain peaks of the Southern Rocky Mountains with at least 4,000 m of topographic elevation and at least 500 m of topographic prominence.</p><br>
<h3>Most prominent summits</h3><br>
<p>The following sortable table lists the three ultra prominent summits of the Southern Rocky Mountains (with at least 1,500 m of topographic prominence.)</p><br>
<h3>Most isolated summits</h3><br>
<p>The following sortable table lists the 15 most topographically isolated peaks of the Southern Rocky Mountains with a topographic isolation of at least 50 km and a topographic prominence of at least 500 m.</p><br>
<h3>Easternmost summits</h3><br>
<p>The following sortable table lists progressively the easternmost Rocky Mountain summits of their respective elevation.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain passes</h2><br>
<p>The following sortable table lists the paved mountain passes and highway summits of the Southern Rocky Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Mount_Elbert_June_2006.jpgMount Elbert in the Sawatch Range of Colorado is the highest peak of the Rocky Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Mount Massive.jpgMount Massive in the Sawatch Range is the second highest peak of the Rocky Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Mount Harvard (Colorado) - 2006-07-16.jpgMount Harvard is the highest of the Collegiate Peaks and the third highest peak of the Rocky Mountains.</p><br>
<p>2007-06-24-plata-eve-close2.jpgLa Plata Peak in the Collegiate Peaks is the fifth highest peak of the Rocky Mountains.</p><br>
<p>MtBlancaEast.jpgBlanca Peak is the highest peak of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and the second most topographically isolated peak of the Southern Rocky Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Uncompahgre peak.jpgUncompahgre Peak is the highest peak of the San Juan Mountains and the sixth highest peak of the Rocky Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Crestone peaks fall.jpgCrestone Peak is the highest peak of the Crestones and the seventh highest peak of the Rocky Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Mt_Lincoln.jpgMount Lincoln is the highest peak of the Mosquito Range and the eighth highest peak of the Rocky Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Castle Peak CO Full.JPGCastle Peak is the highest peak of the Elk Mountains and the ninth highest peak of the Rocky Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Grays and Torreys Peaks 2006-08-06.jpgGrays Peak is the highest peak of the Front Range and the tenth highest peak of the Rocky Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Fall05-LongsPeakCU JPG RSZ md.jpgLongs Peak is a prominent mountain in Colorado&#39;s Front Range. It is the northernmost "fourteener" in the Rocky Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Pikes Peak from the Garden of the Gods.jpgPikes Peak is the second most topographically prominent mountain peak of the Southern Rocky Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Mount of the Holy Cross.jpegThis photograph of the legendary Mount of the Holy Cross was taken by William Henry Jackson in 1874.</p><br>
<p>Wheeler Peak from Eagle Nest, New Mexico.jpgWheeler Peak in the Taos Mountains is the highest point of the State of New Mexico.</p><br>
<p>Mount Peale north face.jpgMount Peale in the La Sal Mountains dominates east-central Utah.</p><br>
<p>Lake Marie and Snowy Range.jpgMedicine Bow Peak in the Snowy Range is the highest point of both southern and eastern Wyoming.</p><br>
<p>The Overton Hygienic Building is a Chicago Landmark and part of the Black Metropolis-Bronzeville District in the Douglas community area of Chicago, Illinois. It is located at 3619-3627 South State Street.</p><br>
<p>The building was commissioned by Anthony Overton in 1922 as a combination of a store, office, and manufacturing building. Overton would later commission the Chicago Bee Building in 1929. It was regarded as one of the most important buildings within the district. The Overton Hygienic Company was one of the nation&#39;s largest producers of African-American cosmetics. Anthony Overton also ran other businesses from the building, including the Victory Life Insurance Company and Douglass National Bank, the first nationally chartered, African-American-owned bank. Walter T. Bailey, the first licensed African-American architect in the state of Illinois, had his first Chicago office on the second floor of the Overton Hygienic Building.</p><br>
<p>The building was later named the Palace Hotel and served for some time as a flophouse, with residents crowded into stalls 8 feet by 5½ feet. The second, third, and fourth floors each housed 125 stalls, with dormitory-style bathrooms and showers, for a total of 375 stalls. The building is now owned and being developed by the Mid-South Planning and Development Commission, which will use the building as an incubator for small businesses and startups within the Black Metropolis neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Funamanu is a small narrow island that is part of Funafuti atoll in Tuvalu. It is a motu  or very small island and is located 2.6 miles southwestward of the southwest tip of Funafuti. The islet is known to be covered in coconut trees which grow 70 feet high. Te Ava Pua Pua is the passage through the reef, with a least depth of 12.7 metres, between the islets of Funamanu to the north and Fale Fatu to the south, in the southeast of Funafuti atoll.</p><br>
<p>Funamanu is an example of an isle on an atoll that is mainly composed of coral debris eroded from encircling reefs and pushed up onto the island by winds and waves. Paul Kench at the University of Auckland in New Zealand and Arthur Webb at the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji released a study in 2010 on the dynamic response of reef islands to sea level rise in the central Pacific. Funamanu was mentioned in the study as being one of seven islands on the atolls of Tuvalu that have spread by more than 3 per cent on average since the 1950s. Funamanu gained 0.44 hectares, or nearly 30 per cent of its previous area.</p><br>
<p>The storm surge resulting from a tropical cyclone can dramatically shift coral debris. In 1972 Funafuti was in the path of Cyclone Bebe. Tropical Cyclone Bebe was a pre-season tropical cyclone that impacted the Gilbert, Ellice Islands, and Fiji island groups. First spotted on October 20, the system intensified and grew in size through October 22.</p><br>
<p>Fenua Tapu is an islet of Nui atoll in the Pacific Ocean state of Tuvalu.</p><br>
<p>It is the most southern and most eastern islet of Nui and is the largest (area 1.38 km²). Most Nuians live on the western end of Fenua Tapu, where a village including the settlements of Alamoni - Maiaki and Manutalake - Meang (Tanrake) lies.</p><br>
<p>A Dutch expedition (the frigate Maria Reigersberg) found Nui on the morning of June 14, 1825 and named Fenua Tapu as Nederlandsch Eiland.</p><br>
<p>A New Island in the Pacific.— In July last, the Pollux, Dutch sloop of war, Captain Eeg, discovered a new and well-peopled island in the Pacific, to which the name of Nederlandich Island was given : its latitude and longitude laid down at 7° 10&#39; S., and 177° 33&#39; 16" E. from Greenwich. The natives were athletic and fierce, great thieves, and, from their shewing no symptoms of fear when muskets were discharged, evidently unacquainted with the effects of fire-arms.</p><br>
<p>TROOST(1829) p405 Platte Grond van het Nederlandsch-Eiland.jpg|Dutch map of the island, made in June 1825</p><br>
<p>TROOST(1829) p297 Het Nederlandsch Eiland.jpg|View of the main island</p><br>
<p>TROOST(1829) p293 Het Nederlandsch Eilanden.jpg|View of the atoll</p><br>
<p>Mount Grant is a mountain located in Addison County, Vermont, in the Green Mountain National Forest.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is named after USA President Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885), and is part of the Green Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Mount Grant is flanked to the east by Mount Cleveland and is three miles south of Lincoln Gap.</p><br>
<p>Mount Grant stands within the watershed of the Lake Champlain.</p><br>
<p>The northeast side of Mount Grant drains into Stetson Brook, thence into the Mad River, the Winooski River, and into Lake Champlain.</p><br>
<p>The south and west sides of Mount Grant drain into the New Haven River, thence into Otter Creek, and into Lake Champlain.</p><br>
<p>The Long Trail, a 272-mile (438-km) hiking trail running the length of Vermont, crosses the summit of Mount Grant.</p><br>
<p>Caves of Nanumanga is an underwater cave off the northern shore of Nanumanga, Tuvalu in western Polynesia. It was discovered by two scuba divers in 1986. The caves are located between 37 and below sea level, down the wall of a coral cliff. Dark patches on the roof and walls and blackened coral fragments on its floor suggest the use of fire by ancient occupants.</p><br>
<h2>Legend</h2><br>
<p>The discovery of the Caves of Nanumanga was made because of interest aroused by a local legend. According to this legend, there existed "a large house under the sea". The existence of this legend led to the scuba diving expedition in 1986, during which the caves were discovered. These are sometimes referred to as the Fire Caves of Nanumanga.</p><br>
<h2>Historical interpretations</h2><br>
<p>The last time that the cave was not underwater appears to have been more than 8,000 years ago, in contrast to the previously accepted view that the Pacific was settled just 6,000 years ago.</p><br>
<p>Pacific archeological evidence was questioned after the discovery, in that a vital piece of climatic evidence was missing – an enormous and continuous rise in sea level that began 18,000 years ago and stopped 4,000 years ago and possibly drowned most of the evidence of much earlier human migrations into the Pacific.</p><br>
<p>In the Journal of Pacific History, Dr. John Gibbons of the University of the South Pacific in Fiji wrote: “…trying to make sense of Pacific prehistory may have been somewhat akin to the efforts of someone who arrives in time for the second act of a play, and then attempts to work out the plot without even realizing that the first act has already taken place."</p><br>
<p>Dr. Gibbons and his co-author, Dr. Fergus Clunie, believe the Pacific including the Tuvalu islands was colonised by waves of "boat people”, driven from their ancestral coastal homelands in Indonesia and South-East Asia by rising oceans. The known world of Pacific archaeology ends abruptly at a temporal horizon 6,000 years ago, the earliest date of distinctive shards of Lapita Pottery. The pottery is found in coastal regions throughout the south-west Pacific, from the Marquesas in the east, to New Caledonia in the south and the Carolines in the north.</p><br>
<h2>Sea level debates</h2><br>
<p>The caves are currently submerged underneath the ocean, highlighting the profound change in sea level over time. Public controversies regarding sea level changes in contemporary Tuvalu are thus set against this background.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>Nevis Peak is a potentially active volcano which is located in the centre of the island of Nevis of the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis in the West Indies. The stratovolcano rises to a height of 985 m and is the highest point on the island. There have been no eruptions since prehistory, but there are active fumaroles and hot springs on the coastal slopes of the island, and these represent low-level volcanic activity.</p><br>
<p>The steeper parts of Nevis Peak are impossible to farm. During the height of the islands exploitation, when every available scrap of arable land was under sugar cane, the mountain, which occupies a large part of the islands interior, was never really changed in any way and therefore most of the original flora and fauna is still intact. At the lower levels of the mountain there is dry forest and humid forest, and then above that rain forest. At the top of the peak, which is covered with cloud most of the time, there is cloud forest, a montane habitat.</p><br>
<p>It is possible to hike to the top of the peak and back, but the route has some challenging sections. Hikers need to be quite physically fit to complete this route, and for safety&#39;s sake, it is necessary to go with a qualified guide. On days when the peak is completely free of clouds, there are remarkable views from the top of the mountain, not only of Nevis itself, but also out over the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, and the many surrounding islands of the Leeward Island chain.</p><br>
<p>The fauna of the mountain includes birds such as the red-necked pigeon and the bridled quail-dove, as well as many troops of the African green vervet monkey, which was introduced in the historical past and has become naturalized. The flora of Nevis Peak includes five different kinds of tree fern, some Heliconia species, and a number of small wild orchid species.</p><br>
